Down to Earth But Heavenly Minded

What does Proverbs Chapter 27 mean?

Chapter 25 began a series of wise sayings attributed to Solomon (Proverbs 25:1), collected from other sources by Hezekiah’s men. This list continues through the end of chapter 29. This passage includes several references to truthful, tactful communication and the value of good stewardship.

The chapter begins with a famous warning about the uncertainties of life. Much of this chapter extols the virtue of planning for the future. However, it’s unwise to brag about something that has not yet been accomplished. Similar ideas are echoed in the New Testament (James 4:13–15). Arrogance of any kind is risky. Solomon notes how difficult it is to endure attacks from foolish, persistent people. In contrast, genuine love is shown by speaking the truth (Proverbs 27:1–6).

Further wisdom explains the value of close friends, who can be even more helpful than blood relatives in a time of crisis. Other notes speak about the sensibility of avoiding danger, maintaining a good reputation, the misery of a nagging spouse, and the frustrating way foolish people seem to cling to their errors (Proverbs 27:7–22).

The final segment of this chapter highlights the value of good stewardship. This uses the examples of livestock and farming. A diligent farmer cares for his flock, doing his best to ensure a prosperous future. Current wealth does not guarantee future wealth, so it’s wise to plan ahead. Such efforts are more likely than not to lead to success. A lazy or irresponsible person risks falling behind and failing to provide for their family (Proverbs 27:23–27).

Chapter Context
This continues a collection of approximately one hundred proverbs associated with Solomon. King Hezekiah’s men, probably his scribes, copied these from other scrolls (Proverbs 25:1). This chapter includes references to overconfidence, the value of friendships, and the importance of good stewardship. The assembly of Solomon’s wise teachings continues through the end of chapter 29.

Verse by Verse

Verse 1. Do not boast about tomorrow,for you do not know what a day may bring.

No human being can infallibly predict what will happen in the future. Some predictions are reasonably secure, such as that the sun will rise. Others are dependent on circumstances, and some can be wildly unpredictable. A wise person makes plans (Proverbs 16:3; 20:18; 24:27) but takes his fallibility into account. Making well-reasoned choices is different from arrogantly ignoring risks.

The word “boast” translates a Hebrew root word rendered as “praise” later in this passage (Proverbs 27:2). No one should praise himself for what he hasn’t yet accomplished. A common English statement warns “don’t count your chickens before they’re hatched,” meaning not all eggs necessarily become birds. Things our human minds expect to happen might not happen, so we shouldn’t speak of them as absolute guarantees. Such is the attitude criticized by the apostle James (James 4:13–16). He explains, “You do not know what tomorrow will bring” (James 4:14). The same verse notes that life is not only uncertain, but it is also brief. Rather than overconfidence, we should approach the future with a sense of humility. “If the Lord wills, we will live and do this or that” is a better attitude (James 4:15).

Context Summary
Proverbs 27:1–6 discusses the uncertainty of life and the danger of overconfidence. Comments on relationships include those with fools (Proverbs 1:7), friends, and enemies. This continues a series of Solomon’s wise sayings as collected by later scribes (Proverbs 25:1).

Verse 2. Let another praise you, and not your own mouth; a stranger, and not your own lips.

The prior proverb noted the arrogance of bragging about things a person has not yet accomplished (Proverbs 27:1). This teaching criticizes those who brag about things they have accomplished. In both cases, the concern is arrogance. Or, an inflated sense of one’s own greatness. Even if the statements are factual, crowing about oneself doesn’t look good to others. The better path is to let others speak well of you; it seems more like sincere praise and less like bragging.

In Daniel 4 we learn that King Nebuchadnezzar foolishly bragged about his past victories. He was walking on the palace roof and viewing the city of Babylon when he sang his own praises. He boasted: “Is not this great Babylon, which I have built by my mighty power as a royal residence and for the glory of my majesty?” (Daniel 4:30). Before he was even done speaking, a heavenly voice declared his impending humiliation. That would include insanity, wallowing with animals, and eating grass. For seven years Nebuchadnezzar endured this, until he fully understood “that the Most High rules the kingdom of men and gives it to whom he will” (Daniel 4:31–34).

Verse 3. A stone is heavy, and sand is weighty, but a fool ‘s provocation is heavier than both.

The Bible often advises that we ignore petty insults (Proverbs 12:16; Matthew 5:39) and not respond to those merely looking for trouble (Proverbs 20:3; 1 Peter 4:15; Matthew 7:6). Verses such as this acknowledge that this is not always easy. It can be extraordinarily difficult to “rise above” a persistent, purposeful antagonist. Part of the wisdom in this statement comes from the power of sympathy: knowing others recognize our struggle can often help us endure with a better attitude. The following verse (Proverbs 27:4) makes a similar remark about the stress caused by jealousy.

This type of fool (Proverbs 1:7; 22:10) is impetuous and self-willed. He lacks self-discipline. Instead, he blurts out false accusations or purposeful lies in uncontrolled anger (Proverbs 10:19; 25:28). The target of a fool’s anger often finds this “heavy” to bear, as if being forced to carry a heavy stone or boulder. Given a literal choice, many people would rather struggle to lift a heavy load than withstand constant irritation from an enemy.

Wisdom dictates it’s best to ignore provocation. When Jesus was falsely reviled, he did not retaliate. Instead, He “continued entrusting himself to him who judges justly” (1 Peter 2:23). Peter cites Jesus’ response to aggression as an example believers should follow when they suffer similar injustice. He writes: “But if when you do good and suffer for it you endure, this is a gracious thing in the sight of God” (1 Peter 2:20).

Verse 4. Wrath is cruel, anger is overwhelming, but who can stand before jealousy?

After noting the strain caused by a fool’s “provocation” (Proverbs 27:3), Solomon acknowledges the hurt inflicted by wrath and anger. Some damage is done to the targets of anger, some is done to the person who loses control to rage (Proverbs 14:17, 29; 15:1; 22:24; 29:22). “Wrath” is typically thought of as the results of “anger,” but both usually end at some point. Especially in the worst cases, a person can wear themselves out or grow tired of expressing naked fury. However, jealousy does not rest. While it doesn’t burn as hot or violently as pure rage, a jealous feeling can persist until it leads to an act of revenge. Even then, it is usually not entirely satisfied. This is one reason the Bible warns against pursuing revenge (Romans 12:19).

The Bible condemns jealousy. The apostle Peter exhorts believers to put aside envy (1 Peter 2:1). The apostle Paul includes jealousy and envy in his list of works of the flesh (Galatians 5:20–21). He notes that a life marked by persistent envy and jealousy is one separated from the Holy Spirit (Galatians 5:21). King Saul became jealous of David when Israelite women sang David’s praises: “Saul has struck down his thousands, and David his ten thousands” (1 Samuel 18:7). This comparison enraged Saul, and he hated David from that day on (1 Samuel 18:7–9). Not long after hearing the women praise David, Saul tried to kill him (1 Samuel 18:11).

Verse 5. Better is open rebuke than hidden love.

The modern world often presumes that true friends only speak words of affirmation; that to love someone means to endorse everything about them. Or, at least, to never correct them or challenge them in any way. Scripture refutes this. If a friend genuinely loves a person, he will not refuse to correct him. Genuine love, paired with humility, compels a person to correct his friend when necessary. A “love” which stays hidden because it lacks the courage to call out sin or danger is weak. The point is not that every expression of disagreement is loving (Proverbs 15:1, 4, 28). Rather, Solomon (Proverbs 25:1) is saying that it’s more loving to offer constructive criticism than to hide that love with inappropriate silence.

The following proverb (Proverbs 27:6) reinforces this idea. Enemies may pile on compliments and affirmations. Real love is sometimes experienced as “wounds” from an ally who speaks truth in love (Ephesians 4:15).

Loving correction can bring someone back on the right track, keeping them from danger or disaster. The apostle Paul writes: “Brothers, if anyone is caught in any transgression, you who are spiritual should restore him in a spirit of gentleness. Keep watch on yourself, lest you too be tempted” (Galatians 6:1). Of course, the rebuke should be offered in love. Paul writes that we are to be “speaking the truth in love” (Ephesians 4:15). It is not characteristic of love to withhold correction; it may be characteristic of cowardice. Paul exhorted Timothy to “be ready in season and out of season; reprove, rebuke, and exhort, with complete patience and teaching” (2 Timothy 4:2).

Verse 6. Faithful are the wounds of a friend; profuse are the kisses of an enemy.

The prior lesson (Proverbs 27:5) noted that “love” which refuses to correct a friend is of no value. It’s important to be tactful (Proverbs 15:1, 4, 28) and genuinely loving (Ephesians 4:15), not merely critical. Yet true friendship sometimes means telling others hard truths they aren’t eager to hear (Proverbs 27:17). When correction—even in the blunt form of a “rebuke”—is motivated by sincere love, it’s a mark of friendship. What the other person says may sting, but they take that risk out of genuine care for a friend.

An enemy, on the other hand, may feign love. Anyone can be insincere and offer affirmation regardless of the situation. This is often a tactic used to disguise ill intent. Judas feigned love for Jesus by kissing Him, but his kiss was deceptive. It was not a sign of love but a signal to soldiers that Jesus was the one they wanted to arrest. Paul warned the Galatian churches about false teachers who used flattery to gain the believers’ trust and devotion. At one time the Galatian believers loved Paul. But they turned against him because he corrected them. He writes: “Have I then become your enemy by telling you the truth?” (Galatians 4:16). The “wounds” Paul inflicted on the Galatians were painful, but faithful, motivated by truthful love, and for their good.

Verse 7. One who is full loathes honey, but to one who is hungry everything bitter is sweet.

When one is full, even tasty foods are unappealing. When one is starving, even unpleasant food seems enjoyable. In the ancient world, honey was the primary example of something sweet and delicious. Even so, a person can only stomach so much at once; eventually, even the thought of eating more brings nausea.

There is also a poetic application to this lesson. Likely, this proverb is intended to highlight the different attitudes of wealthy and impoverished people. A wealthy person may not appreciate what they are offered; a poor person appreciates even a small gift. Ingratitude and entitlement are temptations for anyone, but especially for those used to getting what they want. This is a major reason Jesus warned about the spiritual risks associated with wealth (Matthew 19:23).

To despise what God has provided would be ungrateful; it is appropriate to be thankful for what we have. James tells us, “Every good gift and every perfect gift is from above, coming down from the Father of lights, with whom there is no variation or shadow due to change” (James 1:17). Paul wrote to Timothy about false teachers who mandated celibacy and abstinence from certain foods. He declares that God created those foods “to be received with thanksgiving by those who believe and know the truth. For everything created by God is good, and nothing is to be rejected if it is received with thanksgiving” (1 Timothy 4:3–4).

Context Summary
Proverbs 27:7–22 continues Solomon’s wise sayings (Proverbs 25:1). He reflects on wealth, poverty, friendship, the wisdom of staying away from danger, good neighborly relationships, a nagging spouse, responsibility, and the tendency of foolish people to cling to their errors.

Verse 8. Like a bird that strays from its nest is a man who strays from his home.

Solomon (Proverbs 25:1) has just noted the importance of contentment (Proverbs 27:7). In a similar way, he warns that a bird wandering from its nest trades security for insecurity. It becomes vulnerable to danger, hunger, and isolation. This is especially dangerous if the bird is young and not ready to survive in the world on its own. So, too, a man who leaves home out of discontent faces insecurity, danger, hunger, and isolation. Ultimately, he may regret his decision to leave home.

Jesus related the story of the prodigal son who demanded his share of the inheritance from his father. He wandered far from home, wasted his money, and lived with reckless abandon. After exhausting his inheritance, he hired himself out to a pig herder and fed the pigs. He was so destitute that he was tempted to eat the pigs’ food. At last, he came to his senses. He regretted his actions and longed to be back home. Fortunately, he returned home and found his loving father waiting for him (Luke 15:11–24).

Verse 9. Oil and perfume make the heart glad, and the sweetness of a friend comes from his earnest counsel.

In Ecclesiastes 4:9–10 Solomon writes, “Two are better than one, because they have a good reward for their toil. For if they fall, one will lift up his fellow. But woe to him who is alone when he falls and has not another to lift him up!” In earlier lessons, Solomon (Proverbs 25:1) noted that genuine love is often expressed as correction (Proverbs 27:5–6). Other proverbs point out the immense value of good advice (Proverbs 12:15; 19:20), especially when it is well-timed and well-suited to the situation (Proverbs 15:23). Biblical wisdom also notes the importance of seeking advice beyond one’s own opinion (Proverbs 18:13, 17). The Hebrew of this verse is poetic, so it lends itself to a few different interpretations. However, these all share the same theme: the uplifting value of a friend’s good advice.

The Hebrew phrases used here could be taken to compare a friend’s advice to one’s own opinion. Or this might suggest simply that loving guidance is pleasant and valuable. Some interpretations imply that what makes a friendship pleasant is the “heartfelt advice” (NIV) it brings. Others suggest that true friendship is expressed in such sincere correction. The differences between these options are subtle, and not critically different in this context. A “proverb” is a concise statement of wisdom, not an absolute rule or inviolable command.

In the ancient world, oil was used for soothing wounds and for giving a massage. The Good Samaritan used oil and wine to treat an abused traveler’s wounds (Luke 10:34). James mentions anointing the sick with oil (James 5:14). A woman of ill repute anointed Jesus’ feet with expensive ointment and received His commendation (Luke 7:37–48). The same concept of healing and honor applies to the loving direction given by a true friend.

Verse 10. Do not forsake your friend and your father’s friend, and do not go to your brother ‘s house in the day of your calamity. Better is a neighbor who is near than a brother who is far away.

Solomon’s point here (Proverbs 25:1) is not that we should ignore family. Taken as a whole, the lesson is that we should not depend on blood relatives simply because they are blood relatives. Friends and neighbors can be just as helpful in a crisis. In fact, it’s possible for friendships to become closer than family ties (Proverbs 17:17). Rather than look to relatives who are distant—physically or emotionally—we should first rely on those around us.

The second half of this proverb seems to be an expression in and of itself. That makes this verse almost a “proverb within a proverb,” where Solomon cites a known turn of phrase to emphasize his point. Blood relationships have obvious meaning, but the real measure of a relationship is in love, not simply birth. Scripture includes several examples and lessons emphasizing this (Luke 8:20–21; 1 Samuel 18:1).

We are commanded to love our neighbor as ourselves. In our busy lives we may not take time to cultivate the kind of friendship that is loving, but everyone needs to be a good neighbor and to have a good neighbor. Unfortunately, in crowded cities many people cannot even name their next-door neighbor. Second Kings 4:1–7 relates the story of the desperate plight of the widow of one of the sons of the prophets. She was deeply in debt and had nothing but a jar of oil. At Elisha’s directive, she borrowed containers from her neighbors. She poured oil from her jar into these and they filled with oil, which she could sell to pay off her debts. Apparently, the widow enjoyed a good relationship with her close neighbors.

Verse 11. Be wise, my son, and make my heart glad, that I may answer him who reproaches me.

A child’s behavior reflects on their parents: sons and daughters who act badly bring shame on their father and mother (Proverbs 17:25; 19:26). That’s not always fair, since well-raised children can still make poor choices. But, right or wrong, the conduct of children is attributed to their upbringing. In a less-direct way, students are reflections of their teachers. Both concepts seem to apply to this lesson. Solomon (Proverbs 25:1) calls on his “son,” possibly meaning a student, to embrace wisdom to silence those who criticize Solomon’s teaching. A wisely living child would not only bring Solomon joy but would also provide an immediate response to those slandering Solomon’s teaching.

Just as a child’s actions influence their parents’ reputation—fair or not—the same is true of self-labelled Christians and the reputation of Jesus Christ. What we do reflects on our heavenly Father. Matthew 5:16 exhorts believers to “let your light shine before others, so that they may see your good works and give glory to your Father who is in heaven.” The apostle Paul gives a similar encouragement in Philippians 2:14–15: “Do all things without grumbling or disputing, that you may be blameless and innocent, children of God without blemish in the midst of a crooked and twisted generation, among whom you shine as lights in the world.”

Verse 12. The prudent sees danger and hides himself, but the simple go on and suffer for it.

It is wise to try to avoid undue risks. However, the simple-minded person walks headlong into danger. The book of Proverbs defines “wisdom” as a proper understanding of God and His will (Proverbs 1:7; 2:6–7). Part of being “prudent,” or “sensible,” is to notice risks and take appropriate steps. Those who lack the intelligence—or the self-control—to notice danger more often suffer the consequences of bad decisions (Proverbs 6:5; 13:14; 22:5). This lesson applies both to physical and spiritual threats.

The Devil sets dangerous traps and tries to lure believers into them. An unwise person is prone to walk right into such an ambush. A wise believer heeds the apostle Peter’s exhortation: “Be sober-minded; be watchful. Your adversary the devil prowls around like a roaring lion, seeking someone to devour. Resist him, firm in your faith” (1 Peter 5:8–9). In Ephesians 6:11 the apostle Paul refers to the schemes of the Devil. He counsels believers to “take up the whole armor of God, that you may be able to withstand in the evil day, and having done all, to stand firm” (Ephesians 6:13). Although Jesus warned Peter that the Devil planned to aggressively tempt him (Luke 22:31–32), Peter exuded self-confidence. He denied he would ever forsake Jesus (Luke 22:33). Before long, however, Peter fell into the Devil’s trap and denied Jesus three times (Luke 22:60–62). It is wise to see danger approaching and avoid it.

Verse 13. Take a man’s garment when he has put up security for a stranger, and hold it in pledge when he puts up security for an adulteress.

As in Proverbs 20:16, this lesson advises a lender to be cautious when lending to an unreliable person. What Solomon (Proverbs 25:1) suggests here is an aggressive approach that puts great pressure on the borrower to repay. The examples given involve those who are using money for especially risky purposes. Or, for those who are known for immoral behavior. Lending is risky enough by itself; wagering on the reliability of ungodly people is even riskier. If a believer chooses to gamble by “lending” to unreliable people, it is wise to anticipate danger (Proverbs 27:12) and act sensibly.

Believers must be cautious about how they handle money. Generosity and sacrificial giving do not require Christians to be gullible or senseless (2 Thessalonians 3:10; 2 Timothy 3:6). “Loaning” to an underserving, immoral person who seems likely to abuse the gift is not showing good stewardship. Believers ought to recognize that every good and perfect gift comes from God and should be managed wisely (James 1:17; 1 Timothy 4:4). Ultimately, our financial resources belong to God. Squandering God’s gift of money is tantamount to showing ingratitude and an understanding of the faithfulness God demands of stewards.

Other Old Testament passages add a sense of compassion even to these situations. “If ever you take your neighbor’s cloak in pledge, you shall return it to him before the sun goes down, for that is his only covering, and it is his cloak for his body; in what else shall he sleep?” (Exodus 22:26–27). Similarly, Deuteronomy 24:10–13 notes that lending to those who are truly in need should be done with respect for their dignity.

Verse 14. Whoever blesses his neighbor with a loud voice, rising early in the morning, will be counted as cursing.

A modern English proverb states “timing is everything.” The point of that expression, and this Bible verse, is that when and where a person chooses to act is as important as what they are doing. Offering thanks or deserved praise is a good thing, of course (Romans 13:7; Philippians 4:8). Poor timing can turn this into an obnoxious intrusion.

Solomon’s poetic example is a person shouting affirmations to a neighbor exceedingly early in the morning. Many people appreciate being complimented—yet few want to lose sleep to hear it. Even if the gesture is meant for good, it will be interpreted negatively. This follows the lessons of other proverbs which note the importance of tact and discretion (Proverbs 1:2–7; 11:12; 15:23).

Verse 15. A continual dripping on a rainy dayand a quarrelsome wife are alike;

While Solomon’s imagery here implies a “wife,” the concept applies equally to either spouse and both genders. Constant dripping from a leak or persistent rain both become annoying. The effects of a single drip are minor. Even the thousandth drip, itself, is minor. But the experience of constantly being “nagged” by such a thing becomes unbearable. The same is true of a spouse who habitually complains or irritates their partner.

When God saw that it wasn’t good for Adam to be alone, He created Eve from Adam’s side and presented her to Adam as a fitting helpmate (Genesis 2:18, 21–22). The two were one, and from that day forward husband and wife were to exist as a loving unit (Genesis 2:24). Ephesians 5:25 commands husbands to love their wives as Christ loved the church and gave Himself for her. Wives are commanded to “submit to your own husbands, as to the Lord” (Ephesians 5:22). A nagging spouse disobeys this command and dishonors God’s purpose for marriage.

The following verse expands on this problem by noting how difficult it can be to stop such bad behavior. The “nagging” spouse must make the choice to change; trying to force that on them is like trying to hold oil in one’s hand (Proverbs 27:16). After this, Solomon notes the benefits involved in positive interactions (Proverbs 27:17).

Verse 16. to restrain her is to restrain the wind or to grasp oil in one’s right hand.

The prior verse noted the frustration of a nagging spouse (Proverbs 27:15). Each “drip” of complaint, argument, or annoyance might be minor. But when there’s a constant flow of negativity and irritation, the situation becomes unbearable. The terminology used here is literally female, but the principle applies just as well to husbands as to wives.

Here, Solomon (Proverbs 25:1) notes how difficult this is to stop, for the one being annoyed. Although many people would like to restrain the wind before it causes damage or ruins a day’s plans, it cannot be stopped. The wind and weather must “stop themselves,” so to speak, since they don’t obey mortal men. This general idea plays into Jesus’ miracle of commanding the wind on the Sea of Galilee (Luke 8:24–25).

In another analogy, Solomon also compares restraint of a nagging spouse to grabbing a handful of oil. No matter how hard one tries, oil just slips out between the fingers. A person can try to force a spouse to stop bickering and needling, but the task is impossible. Unless the other person decides to change, the situation isn’t likely to improve. In contrast, constructive disagreement can lead to great benefit (Proverbs 27:17).

Verse 17. Iron sharpens iron, and one man sharpens another.

A common method to sharpen steel, or iron, is to use a similar piece of metal. When the two scrape against each other, both pieces are shaped and rough spots are removed. Similarly, two people can interact and help refine each other. Other proverbs note the importance of hearing other people’s views (Proverbs 11:14; 18:17; 27:9). Of particular importance is that this lesson implies a constructive level of conflict: the two pieces don’t become sharper unless they bump into each other (Proverbs 27:6)! Fellow believers who never challenge or question one another are liable to remain dull.

Numerous biblical examples show the learning value present in relationships. Jesus may have sent His disciples out two by two because each one would sharpen the other’s testimony. Mentoring is also a good example of one Christian improving the spiritual life of the other. The apostle Paul mentored the younger Timothy. Furthermore, he encouraged Timothy to mentor others. He writes in 2 Timothy 2:2: “What you have heard from me in the presence of many witnesses entrust to faithful men, who will be able to teach others also.” David and Jonathan are a good example of two men who improved each other’s lives. Friendship can help two people enjoy a stronger faith and a buoyant spirit. Friends can encourage each other, laugh together, sympathize together, and pray together.

It is crucially important to carefully choose who we “brush up against.” A good friend can lead us to self-improvement and greater godliness (Proverbs 12:5; 15:22; 17:17). Ungodly people are likely to lead us towards sin and disaster (Proverbs 13:20; 22:24–25; 23:20).

Verse 18. Whoever tends a fig tree will eat its fruit, and he who guards his master will be honored.

Whether found in the Bible or elsewhere, a “proverb” is a short statement of common sense or wisdom. These are not absolute rules, but they do represent typical cases. Here, Solomon (Proverbs 25:1) notes that diligence and hard work usually pay off. A person who puts in the necessary work will—in most cases—see the expected rewards of those efforts. Farmers can’t reap crops unless they plant and tend to them. Athletes succeed because they’ve invested time and effort in training. An employee is more likely to be honored and promoted by an employer when they do good work. Any righteous effort to work hard, for the right things, will ultimately be rewarded by God (Ephesians 6:5–8).

Figs were an important source of food in the ancient world. When Jesus and His disciples came upon a fig tree that was barren, He cursed it (Matthew 21:18–19). In Amos 4:9 the Lord said He was chastising Israel to lead them to repent. He recalls: “I struck you with blight and mildew…your fig trees and your olive trees the locusts devoured; yet you did not return to me.”

Verse 19. As in water face reflects face, so the heart of man reflects the man.

Calm water can act as a mirror. When someone looks into a pool, they see their reflection. This shows them what they truly look like, which might be different from what they assumed. In a similar way, a person’s heart reflects who they really are. Self-examination is a good thing (2 Corinthians 13:5; Proverbs 4:26). It can reveal what’s happening deep within ourselves.

Some interpreters believe the “reflection” in question comes through other people. This would harmonize with the idea presented in an earlier proverb (Proverbs 27:17). That perspective implies that one learns more about themselves by seeing how words and actions are received by others. It also echoes the idea of two people interacting “face to face.”

In the book of Proverbs, the imagery of the “heart” is typically associated more with thoughts and attitudes than with emotions or desires. However, other passages give reasons to be skeptical of our own “hearts,” regardless of the context. Jeremiah 17:9 depicts the natural human heart as deceitful and desperately wicked. This leads away from God (Isaiah 53:6). Romans 3:12 says, “All have turned aside; together they have become worthless; no one does good, not even one.” Adding to the description of unregenerate individuals, Paul quotes, “Their feet are swift to shed blood; in their path are ruin and misery” (Romans 3:15).

But God can give sinners a new heart and a new way of living. When He changes the heart, He sets a person on a new path. Galatians 4:6 explains that with redemption comes adoption into God’s family and God sends the Spirit of Jesus into our hearts. Immediately the old sinful habits begin to drop off, and new godly habits take their place (2 Corinthians 5:17).

Verse 20. Sheol and Abaddon are never satisfied, and never satisfied are the eyes of man.

No matter how much death and destruction occur, there can always be more. There is no limit to how many people can die; in the poetic sense, death’s appetite is infinite. Death does not slow down because it becomes “full.” Solomon (Proverbs 25:1) uses this comparison to point out the insatiable nature of human greed. No matter how much we have, we can always desire “more.” This relates to biblical ideas such as the “lust of the eyes” (1 John 2:16). Later proverbs will make similar comments about insatiable greed (Proverbs 30:15–16).

The word sheol is used in the Old Testament as a reference to the grave, or to death. Abaddon means “destruction.” and a Greek version of the word is used in the New Testament. There, it applies to the demon king of “the abyss” where evil spirits are kept (Romans 10:7; Revelation 9:1–2; 9:11The same terms are also used in Proverbs 15:11, to point out that God’s knowledge is limitless.

Solomon himself went through a period when he looked for meaning in feeding his appetites. He applied his heart to knowledge but wasn’t satisfied (Ecclesiastes 1:18). He tried to find satisfaction in wealth but learned that money could not satisfy his heart. He writes in Ecclesiastes 4:8 that a person’s eyes “are never satisfied with riches.” He concludes later that it is best to follow God’s plans from the beginning (Ecclesiastes 12:1). Psalm 16:11 concurs with Solomon’s conclusion by stating, “You make known to me the path of life; in your presence there is fullness of joy; at your right hand are pleasures forevermore.”

Verse 21. The crucible is for silver, and the furnace is for gold, and a man is tested by his praise.

Intense heat tests the quality of gold and silver. Refiners melt these metals to reveal impurities which can then be removed. Solomon (Proverbs 25:1) applies this idea of testing to praise, using it to measure a man. Commentators take this in one of two ways.

The first interpretation is that subjecting a man to praise is like placing precious metals in a crucible. How that person reacts reveals their purity and true nature. The one who responds to compliments with arrogance or egotism reveals character flaws. The person who accepts praise with humility shows no such errors. The apostle Paul demonstrated this correct response to excessive adoration from other men. When he and Barnabas healed a man at Lystra, the crowds suggested they were gods. Paul and Barnabas rejected that claim. They were simply men with good news. Paul followed the rejection of inappropriate praise with a clear message about God and His goodness (Acts 14:8–17). Paul quotes Jeremiah 9:24 in 1 Corinthians 1:31: “Let the one who boasts, boast in the Lord.” In Galatians 6:14 he writes, “But far be it for me to boast except in the cross of our Lord Jesus Christ, by which the world has been crucified to me, and I to the world.”

The second interpretation is that man can be judged by what he praises. Character is revealed by what a person applauds or enjoys (Isaiah 5:20; Romans 1:32; 14:22). Silver and gold reveal their hidden flaws when placed in a furnace. So too does a man uncover his tastes and priorities by the things he compliments.

Verse 22. Crush a fool in a mortar with a pestle along with crushed grain, yet his folly will not depart from him.

Modern English expressions echo the sentiment of this proverb. These include phrases such as “you can’t fix stupid,” or, “ignorance can be cured, but stupidity is forever,” attributed to various persons in different forms. In this context, foolishness and “stupidity” are not linked to intelligence, but to how one interacts with wisdom and common sense (Proverbs 8:5). Biblical wisdom starts with a proper understanding of God (Proverbs 1:7). When a person is spiritually foolish, it may take harsh consequences to open their minds (Proverbs 19:29; 22:15; 26:3). For others, no amount of disaster brings them around. Solomon’s comparison to crushed grain implies that “folly” is found in the tiniest parts of the fool—it’s so ingrained that it cannot be removed.

The Old Testament mentions a man using a name which literally means “fool:” Nabal. His name matched his actions, which demonstrated his folly. He refused to help David and his men when David was a fugitive and needed provisions, even after David’s men had showed kindness to Nabal’s shepherds. Although David’s messengers greeted Nabal cordially, Nabal answered rudely and sent them away. Fortunately, Nabal’s wife went to David and persuaded him not to take revenge on Nabal. She said, “as his name is, so is he. Nabal [fool] is his name, and folly is with him” (1 Samuel 25:25). Judas Iscariot was also a fool. Despite being with Jesus throughout Jesus’ ministry, he betrayed His teacher. He rejected all of Jesus’ teachings and miracles and sold Him to His enemies. Judas died by his own hand without having repented of his evil (Acts 1:18–19).

Verse 23. Know well the condition of your flocks, and give attention to your herds,

It is extremely important for a rancher to keep up to date on the condition of his livestock. He should care for them diligently. Laziness or indifference will hurt not only the livestock but the rancher as well. If livestock are in poor condition, the rancher’s livelihood will suffer. What applies to the rancher in his care of his flocks and herds, applies also to anyone who is responsible for a business or a segment of a business. Idleness will surely cause a business to fail. This sentiment can also be applied to management of one’s personal finances. Inattention or ignorance of the condition of one’s finances can lead to negative outcomes. The same is true when related to management over or responsibility of others. Knowing the condition of one’s flocks, or of whatever or whomever one manages, implies a person who not only cares about their flock, but who also takes active steps to monitor their well-being.

A pastor, also, needs to know the condition of his flock and care for the sheep, which are God’s people. Jesus commissioned the apostle Peter to feed Jesus’ lambs, tend His sheep, and feed His sheep (John 21:15–17). Later, Peter charged the elders among the scattered Jewish believers to “shepherd the flock of God that is among you, exercising oversight, not under compulsion, but willingly, as God would have you; not for shameful gain, but eagerly; not domineering over those in your charge, but being examples to the flock” (1 Peter 5:2–3).

The following verses (Proverbs 27:24–27) reinforce the idea of knowing the condition of one’s flocks and giving attention to one’s herds. Diligent planning and effort today is more likely to result in good outcomes tomorrow.

Context Summary
Proverbs 27:23–27 teaches using imagery from farming. Solomon (Proverbs 25:1) stresses the necessity of work in the present to set up success in the future. This repeats the sentiment of prior Scriptures (Proverbs 20:4; 21:5; 27:18). Diligence in tending to flocks and herds is more likely to provide for a family than being careless. The terminology in these verses is about livestock, but the principles apply to any area of work or life.

Verse 24. for riches do not last forever; and does a crown endure to all generations?

In the most direct sense, Solomon (Proverbs 25:1) continues to note the importance of good stewardship (Proverbs 27:23). A sensible man cares for his resources so they’ll continue to grow and flourish. That requires attention and diligence. It’s unwise to assume that whatever a person has built up will last forever. Disaster can happen, and earthly wealth can be lost (Proverbs 23:4–5).

The question asked here is rhetorical: the answer is assumed to be “no.” Kings and kingdoms are not permanent. This is demonstrated in the Old Testament’s many wars and coups. The point of these lessons is that attentive care for one’s resources—illustrated through ranching—provides a more secure future. Resting on one’s existing wealth, or failing to care for existing resources, can lead to ruin.

Paul asked Timothy to caution church members by telling them riches are an insecure investment. In 1 Timothy 6:17 he writes, “As for the rich in this present age, charge them not to be haughty, nor to set their hopes on the uncertainty of riches, but on God who richly provides us with everything to enjoy.” He had previously told Timothy “those who desire to be rich fall into temptation, into a snare, into many senseless and harmful desires that plunge people into ruin and destruction.” He insists, “The love of money is a root of all kinds of evils” (1 Timothy 6:9–10).

Verse 25. When the grass is gone and the new growth appears and the vegetation of the mountains is gathered,

Solomon (Proverbs 25:1) reflects on changing seasons. This is part of his lesson about properly caring for one’s resources. This is to be well-prepared for the future (Proverbs 27:23–24). Hay, grass, and mountain pasturage provide food for sheep and goats, but a farmer must work diligently to harvest what he can to take care of the livestock. A lazy farmer who sleeps during harvest will have nothing to give to his animals, and he himself will go hungry. The flocks and herds can eat grass in the summer and enjoy mountain fields when they are available. God does His part in providing this food, but the farmer must do his part by gathering and storing food for the winter (Proverbs 6:6–8).

David took good care of his father’s flocks (1 Samuel 16:11, 19). Even when he was king, he made provision for animals (1 Chronicles 27:29–31). Psalm 23 provides a picture of how the Good Shepherd provides for His sheep. David, the psalmist writes, “The LORD is my shepherd; I shall not want. He makes me lie down in green pastures. He leads me beside still waters” (Psalm 23:1–2).

Verse 26. the lambs will provide your clothing, and the goats the price of a field.

If a rancher takes good care of his sheep and goats, he will be rewarded with plenty of wool and enough money to purchase a field. The sheep and goats will reproduce, thereby multiplying the rancher’s livestock. Of course, nothing in this earthly life is guaranteed (Proverbs 27:1). This is a “proverb,” meaning a short statement of wisdom or common sense. In most circumstances, the person who diligently cares for their resources will be better off than one who is lazy or irresponsible. The general lesson of this passage (Proverbs 27:23–25) is about the importance of good stewardship.

There is also a reward for pastor-shepherds who take good care of the souls entrusted to them. They see the “sheep” multiply by leading others to Christ, and they derive great joy from seeing believers walk in the truth. In his letter to “the elect lady” the apostle John writes: “I rejoiced greatly to find some of your children walking in truth” (2 John 1:4). Writing to the Colossian believers, Paul testifies, “For though I am absent in body, yet I am with you in spirit, rejoicing to see your good order and the firmness of your faith in Christ” (Colossians 2:5).

Verse 27. There will be enough goats ‘ milk for your food, for the food of your household and maintenance for your girls.

This concludes a short passage which teaches the importance of good stewardship (Proverbs 27:23–26). The person who diligently cares for their resources—depicted here using livestock—has a much better chance of success than the one who is lazy or irresponsible. Solomon emphasizes this further using the imagery of all the benefits livestock provide.

In this verse, Solomon (Proverbs 25:1) also alludes to the need to care for one’s family. This is the responsibility of the head of a household. Generally speaking, when he tends to his work and resources well, he is able to provide for the needs of the members of his household. Paul indicated that a man who does not take care of his loved ones “has denied the faith and is worse than an unbeliever” (1 Timothy 5:8). Paul practiced what he preached. When Paul and his coworkers ministered in Thessalonica, they were not idle. He testifies: “with toil and labor we worked night and day, that we might not be a burden to any of you” (2 Thessalonians 3:8).

End of Proverbs 27

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