Down to Earth But Heavenly Minded

What does Proverbs Chapter 16 mean?

This chapter of Proverbs continues recording Solomon’s concise statements of wisdom. This began in chapter 10.

This segment begins with a discussion of man’s plans. Human nature can lead us to arrogance and ignorance. Failure to seek God’s will or examine our own motives can lead to disaster. Despite what a person might tell themselves, the Lord sees the heart, weighs the spirit, and determines what will happen. The Lord is sovereign; He has a purpose for everything He created. God detests arrogance—spiritual pride that causes a person to reject God—but is pleased when one turns away from evil. Godly wisdom is better than any material wealth (Proverbs 16:1–9).

Solomon then offers several perspectives on kings and rulers. He points out the fact that those in authority have great power, so it’s common sense to avoid their wrath whenever possible. Some of these statements are expressions of ideals: the way a godly king ought to act (Proverbs 16:10–15).

Next are a series of proverbs relating to the value of wisdom, controlled speech, and self-reflection. Arrogance leads to disaster since it prevents a person from following God’s will or recognizing their own errors. Having truth is valuable in and of itself; using careful words to speak truth makes others more likely to accept it. On the other hand, using words hatefully or for spite can cause incredible damage (Proverbs 16:16–26).

The concluding section of this chapter contrasts evil people with those who are righteous. Solomon offers additional warnings about self-control and the importance of reining in one’s temper. Through all things, even those we think of as “random,” God is ultimately in control (Proverbs 16:27–33).

Chapter Context
A lengthy list of Solomon’s wise sayings began in chapter 10. Chapter 16 begins a section mostly composed of comparisons and completions. It extends to Proverbs 22:16. Man’s thoughts, speech, motives, and conduct are examined in this chapter. The chapter also addresses pride, evil, and injustice.

Verse by Verse

Verse 1. The plans of the heart belong to man,but the answer of the tongue is from the Lord.

A person can draw up plans the way a military officer arranges soldiers in formation. However, the outcome of those plans is beyond human efforts. It ultimately depends upon the Lord. When someone devotes their heart, mind, soul, and strength to God (Deuteronomy 6:5; Mark 12:30), God will guide that person’s speech and conduct (Matthew 10:19–20). Of course, all persons are free to think what they will, but the future is ultimately in the Lord’s hands.

The apostle James counsels us to seek the Lord’s will before drawing up our plans. In James 4:13–14 he writes: “Come now, you who say, ‘Today or tomorrow we will go into such and such a town and spend a year there and trade and make a profit’—yet you do not know what tomorrow will bring. What is your life? For you are a mist that appears for a little time and then vanishes.” Instead of arrogantly assuming that our plans are invincible, or absolute, we ought to follow the counsel James gives next. He says, “Instead you ought to say, ‘If the Lord wills, we will live and do this or that.’” (James 4:15)

That doesn’t mean it’s unwise to plan, at all. It simply means that proper planning includes acknowledging God’s sovereign will and our limitations. That even includes the next day’s events; we can’t be absolutely certain about what will happen then. Proverbs 27:1 tells us, “Do not boast about tomorrow, for you do not know what a day may bring.” A similar sentiment is offered in verse 9 (Proverbs 16:9).

Context Summary.
Proverbs 16:1–9 reflects on the heart’s intention to make plans and the Lord’s rule over that planning. Committing one’s ways to God, with reverence, is the wise way to make plans. The Lord has a purpose for everything He created (1 Timothy 4:4). This continues the main section of the book of Proverbs: a compilation of short, general-case statements of wisdom.

Verse 2. All the ways of a man are pure in his own eyes,but the Lord weighs the spirit.

God knows our inner thoughts and motives, even better than we do (Romans 8:26–27). Very few people act with the assumption that their choices are “evil.” Some do exactly that—but most have ways of justifying their deeds. The process of making excuses for our decisions makes us feel as if we’re morally upright. That self-justification is not the final measure, however (1 Corinthians 4:4). We may believe our actions are right, but the Lord examines our hearts and knows what motivates us to do what we do. “Why” we act is as important as “what” we choose.

The Pharisees thought their actions were righteous. They fasted and prayed openly, but their hearts were not right in the Lord’s sight. He saw their self-serving motives and labeled them “hypocrites.” Jesus instructed His disciples to avoid hypocrisy. Matthew 6 warns about doing good things for the wrong reasons (Matthew 6:1). Jesus condemned the practice of making a big show of giving to the needy (Matthew 6:2), of praying with the intent to “show off” for others (Matthew 6:5), and of deliberately looking gloomy to impress others while fasting (Matthew 6:16). Jesus told a Samaritan woman that the Father seeks those who worship Him in spirit and in truth (John 4:24). An outward practice of religion is worthless unless it is motivated by love for God and done in accordance with the truth of God’s Word. It is God, not man (1 Samuel 16:7), who is the perfect measure of our morality.

Verse 3. Commit your work to the Lord,and your plans will be established.

The best chance for success comes when plans are aligned with truth. That means those who submit to God’s will and seek Him are in a better position than those who ignore or reject Him. Following God is never a guarantee of earthly success (John 16:33). However, acting in accordance with truth and goodness removes many dangers from life (Proverbs 1:7; 13:20–22). When someone’s efforts are fully entrusted to God’s will and His control—when they are “committed” to Him—those labors are less likely to cause their own downfall.

Psalm 37:5 affirms this truth by stating: “Commit your way to the LORD; trust in him, and he will act.” Abraham charged his servant with the formidable task of finding a bride for his son Isaac, and his servant was successful in the commission of the assignment. He did not depend upon his own intelligence or preference. He asked the Lord to guide him to the right person (Genesis 24:42–44). When he found Rebekah, the right person, he offered thanks to the Lord for guidance (Genesis 24:48). When he asked her parents for permission to take her to Isaac, he said, “Do not delay me, since the LORD has prospered my way” (Genesis 24:56).

When a believer sincerely depends upon the Lord for the understanding to do His will, he is not disappointed. Proverbs 3:5–6 counsels: “Trust in the LORD with all your heart, and do not lean on your own understanding. In all your ways acknowledge him, and he will make straight your paths.”

Verse 4. The Lord has made everything for its purpose,even the wicked for the day of trouble.

Scripture indicates that God did not “create” moral evil. Everything He made has a good use and some beneficial application (1 Timothy 4:4). What makes something evil is when it is used contrary to the purposes for which it was created. Even when human beings choose to do evil—defying God in the process—He can use that to accomplish His will. The idea that everything God does has some good purpose is challenging (Romans 8:18–25). Circumstances where people suffer without bringing it on themselves (John 9:1–3) are hard to understand. For example, an especially difficult situation is faced by parents of severely disabled or ill children. Even then, one can take comfort knowing that the Lord has a purpose for those children. Without God, their experiences would be ultimately meaningless.

This proverb assures us that the Lord is not weak or dependent on man for success. He is fully in control, assured of His purposes, and makes no mistakes. Every human being should try to discover the Lord’s purpose for his or her life. Certainly, it is God’s desire that an individual should trust in Christ as Savior and become like Christ (Acts 17:26–27, 30; Romans 8:28–30). The Lord has created every person to glorify Him. That even includes those who are evil. Even the destruction of the wicked conforms to the Lord’s will. Proverbs 16:4 assures us that the Lord made “even the wicked for the day of trouble.” God created an eternal punishment for sin, which is the fate of all who die without having trusted in His Son as Savior. John 3:36 declares: “Whoever believes in the Son has eternal life; whoever does not obey the Son shall not see life, but the wrath of God remains on him.”

Verse 5. Everyone who is arrogant in heart is an abomination to the Lord;be assured, he will not go unpunished.

Solomon points out that God has a special distaste for the sin of arrogance. It’s true that a self-aggrandizing person, who thinks too much of themselves, is guilty of the sin of pride (Proverbs 6:16–19). In this context, the “arrogance” being exhibited is spiritual. This is the kind of egotism which leads a person to sneer at the idea of God and His goodness (Psalm 10:4–6). That attitude, left unchecked, is absolutely guaranteed to lead a person away from God and into eternal consequences.

An arrogant person misplaces his confidence. Instead of trusting in the Lord for salvation, he proudly trusts in his own ability to save himself. In his superiority, he feels his virtuous deeds are sufficient to gain heaven. He is like the Pharisee whose prayer in the temple exuded pride. He “thanked” God by bragging that he was better than other men, including a humble tax collector. He told God he fasted twice a week and tithed on everything he got (Luke 18:11–12). Jesus said the Pharisee did not return home justified. He remarked: “For everyone who exalts himself will be humbled” (Luke 18:14).

Ephesians 2:8–9 acknowledges that God doesn’t grant salvation as payment for religious works. Instead, He offers it freely to those who accept grace through faith. That same passage explicitly points out that one cannot be “proud” of their salvation, for that reason. Romans 4:5 declares: “And to the one who does not work but believes in him who justifies the ungodly, his faith is counted as righteousness.”

Verse 6. By steadfast love and faithfulness iniquity is atoned for,and by the fear of the Lord one turns away from evil.

In the prior proverb, Solomon wrote about the inevitability of punishment for those too arrogant to acknowledge God (Proverbs 16:5). The best way to avoid evil consequences is to avoid evil actions, by following God’s truth (Proverbs 1:7; 15:24). The ultimate means of atonement—of “making up for” sin—comes through God Himself, in His steadfast love and faithfulness.

No human sin goes unpunished. Romans 6:23 says, “For the wages of sin is death.” That includes separation from God in this life and in the next. Thankfully, thanks to His mercy, God has provided a way to escape this punishment. Romans 6:23 continues, “but the free gift of God is eternal life in Christ Jesus our Lord.” God loved the world of sinners so much that He gave His only Son Jesus as the sacrifice for our sin. He faithfully keeps His promise to grant forgiveness and eternal life to all who turn away from evil and turn to Jesus in repentance and faith. Jesus said, “Truly, truly, I say to you, whoever hears my word and believes him who sent me has eternal life. He does not come into judgment, but has passed from death to life” (John 5:24).

Verse 7. When a man ‘s ways please the Lord,he makes even his enemies to be at peace with him.

A “proverb” is, by definition, a general-case statement of wisdom. When a doctor says, “eat healthy foods and you will live longer,” that statement is not a prophetic guarantee that the patient will live to be one hundred years old. The point is that eating healthy foods contributes to longevity—and eating unhealthy foods creates risks to one’s life. In the same way, those who follow the Lord’s will put themselves in a better position for success. That’s not a guarantee, yet avoiding evil means avoiding the consequences of evil (Proverbs 1:7; 13:20–22; 16:3).

One advantage of godly living is the effect it has on one’s enemies. A life which avoids undue insults (Proverbs 15:1), revenge (Romans 12:19), and unethical treatment of others (Luke 6:35; Proverbs 3:30) leaves little reason for others to be vengeful or hateful. In some cases, upright conduct can even win over one’s enemies (Romans 12:20). Or, it can convince them to leave the believer in peace (1 Timothy 2:1–2). Of course, sometimes godly conduct enrages nonbelievers (John 16:33; 2 Timothy 3:12; 1 Peter 4:4). On balance, it’s better not to give anyone legitimate reasons to hold a grudge.

Genesis 26 unfolds a story showing how God can supernaturally change the hearts of enemies. He can demonstrate His power in ways that convince even non-believers to avoid harming God’s people. Isaac had angered Abimelech by lying about his relationship to Rebekah (Genesis 26:9–11) and was later asked to leave the country (Genesis 26:12–16). In a later meeting where Abimelech proposed a non-aggression pact, Isaac asked, “Why have you come to me, seeing that you hate me and have sent me away from you?” (Genesis 26:27). Abimelech and his companions replied, “We see plainly that the LORD has been with you. So we said, let there be a sworn pact between us, between you and us, and let us make a covenant with you, that you will do us no harm, just as we have not touched you and have done to you nothing but good and have sent you away in peace. You are now blessed of the LORD” (Genesis 26:28–29).

Verse 8. Better is a little with righteousnessthan great revenues with injustice.

A believer has no guarantee of great wealth (John 16:33; Matthew 6:19; 8:20). Yet all believers have access to great spiritual wealth (Matthew 5:3, 5). Second Corinthians 8:9 declares, “For you know the grace of our Lord Jesus Christ, that he was rich, yet for your sake he became poor, so that you by his poverty might become rich.” Spiritual riches include salvation, peace with God, assurance of heaven, fellowship with God, assurance of His abiding presence, joy, and purposeful living (1 Timothy 6:6). A person may be financially affluent, but if he does not belong to God, he is spiritually impoverished, even bankrupt.

Solomon reasons here that it is better to be poor and yet be in good standing with God, rather than to live an unjust life with material wealth (Mark 8:36). All who become rich by immoral means will be punished by the Lord. Money, luxury homes, fame, cars, and overflowing possessions can only last so long as this life. They offer wealthy unbelievers no defense in the day of judgment (Proverbs 15:16).

Verse 9. The heart of man plans his way,but the Lord establishes his steps.

This echoes a similar proverb, recorded in verse 1 (Proverbs 16:1). A person can plan out every aspect of their life; yet God is the one who ultimately decides what will happen. New Testament writers such as Paul (Romans 9:20–21) and James (James 4:13–15) reinforce this idea. Nothing we intend can override God’s will (Psalm 33:10; Job 42:2). That does not mean planning is wrong—but what we plan needs to be prepared in a spirit of humility and obedience.

Isaiah 53:6 describes human beings as sheep that have wandered away from God. We have all gone astray, and regardless of how intelligent a person is, “it is not in man who walks to direct his steps” (Jeremiah 10:23). Nevertheless, if a person seeks God’s will and walks by the Spirit in the light of God’s Word, the Lord will approve and guide his steps. Paul’s letter to the Ephesians gives good counsel about how believers should walk. It tells us to “walk in a manner worthy of the calling to which you have been called” (Ephesians 4:1), walk not “as [unbelievers] do, in the futility of their minds” (Ephesians 4:17), “walk in love” (Ephesians 5:2), “walk as children of light” (Ephesians 5:8), and walk wisely (Ephesians 5:15). Galatians 5:16 instructs us to “walk by the Spirit.”

Verse 10. An oracle is on the lips of a king;his mouth does not sin in judgment.

Obligations are often phrased as statements. This is commonly seen in contracts and other legal documents. When a contract says, “the owner maintains a safe property,” it is setting an expected standard, not predicting what the owner will do. The same is true of this proverb: a king acting as he should does not sin through his decrees or judgments. Kings of Israel were initiated into office by the anointing of oil. This represented the power of the Holy Spirit. A king was considered one of God’s representatives on earth. As such, when he spoke, he was morally obligated to speak truthfully. When he offered judgment—a ruling, a decree, or some other decision (1 Kings 3:28)—he was expected to so righteously, and not in sin.

When Solomon was a young man, he wanted to judge the people of Israel righteously. According to 1 Kings 3:3, “Solomon loved the LORD, walking in the statutes of David his father.” When the Lord appeared to Solomon in a dream at Gibeon, He asked Solomon what gift he wanted. Solomon acknowledged that God had made him king in place of his father David (1 Kings 3:7). He also acknowledged that he was inadequate to judge the nation (1 Kings 3:8). Therefore, he asked the Lord for “an understanding mind to govern your people, that I may discern between good and evil, for who is able to govern this your great people?” (1 Kings 3:9). The Lord granted Solomon’s request and enabled him to render righteous judgments.

Context Summary.
Proverbs 16:10–15 continues Solomon’s wise observations. This group of proverbs includes several touching on “kings;” these principles can be applied to other government leaders or authorities, as well. The passage describes ideals regarding leadership and discusses the relationship between rulers and their subjects.

Verse 11. A just balance and scales are the Lord ‘s;all the weights in the bag are his work.

The Lord is just in all His ways (Psalm 119:137). He expects fairness and honesty in business transactions (Proverbs 11:1). To cheat by tampering with balances and scales offends Him and transgresses the commandment, “You shall not steal” (Exodus 20:15). It is unloving to our neighbors (John 13:34–35; 1 John 4:7–12). In literal terms, weights and balances are connected to business transactions and money. Symbolically, the scale also represents impartial, fair judgment.

Weights and measures are often regulated by the government. This proverb reminds us that such things are part of God’s expectations for honesty in leadership (Proverbs 16:10). To tamper with weights and measures—to cheat someone by deceiving them about such things—is an offense not only against the king but also against the Lord. Modern laws against fraud and dishonest scales reflect those moral principles. And yet, many dishonest practices still occur. We should honor the Lord in every business dealing by being fair and honest. The Lord who sees all (Hebrews 4:13) looks upon the heart, revealing hidden motives others might miss (1 Samuel 16:7).

Verse 12. It is an abomination to kings to do evil,for the throne is established by righteousness.

This passage depicts the proper attitude of rulers and kings. As with earlier verses (Proverbs 16:10), this proverb phrases an obligation as a statement of fact. Just as a modern contract might say, “the buyer will provide payment,” this is not a prophecy about what the person will do. This is a declaration of what the person is expected to do. Kings, in this case, should abhor evil actions and make godly conduct a cornerstone of their rule (Proverbs 8:12–15; 29:14).

Commitment to good and distaste for evil should influence a king’s rule over his kingdom. Evildoers are a threat to a peaceful and prosperous reign (Proverbs 14:34). Honesty in kings and their subjects contributes to the success of their kingdoms. Psalm 72 cites a prayer in which the psalmist begins by asking, “Give the king your justice, O God, and your righteousness to the royal son! May he judge your people with righteousness, and your poor with justice!” (Psalm 72:1–2).

Although the kingdom of Judah enjoyed some reigns by righteous kings, all the kings had their faults. Only Jesus is perfect. He never sinned, and someday He will rule the earth in righteousness. Isaiah 9:7 predicts the righteous rule of Jesus, Israel’s Messiah, by stating: “…on the throne of David and over his kingdom, to establish it and to uphold it with justice and with righteousness from this time forth and forevermore.”

Verse 13. Righteous lips are the delight of a king,and he loves him who speaks what is right.

The book of Proverbs has much to say about the value of good advice (Proverbs 1:8; 8:12–14; 11:14; 19:20). This need for good counsel applies just as much to kings as to common people. In ancient times, as today, no ruler can be perfectly aware of everything happening in their kingdom at all times. Nor can they be experts in all possible areas. So, kings and leaders have always depended on the counsel of their advisers. Dishonest counselors might give treacherous advice that could lead to defeat at the hands of an enemy. They could supply false information that might topple the king from his throne. However, righteous counselors would truthfully guide the king.

Solomon lauds those who speak with righteous lips. This can also be applied beyond royal counselors, to all people. As a king, Solomon appreciated those who spoke with godly truth. Indeed, the rise or fall of an entire kingdom depended upon righteousness. Proverbs 14:34 assures us that “righteousness exalts a nation.” Although few people today are ruled by a king, it is still true that a righteous leader and a righteous nation are essential to peace and prosperity. Regardless of the exact relationship, those who seek advice should appreciate godly counselors.

Verse 14. A king ‘s wrath is a messenger of death,and a wise man will appease it.

In ancient times, kings often had absolute, unlimited authority. Even those with limitations (Daniel 6:12–14) controlled the lives of their subjects with far more power than almost any modern world leader. Decisions of life or death were theirs to make. Solomon wisely notes here a principle echoed in an English proverb: “don’t poke the bear.” The English statement, as well as Solomon’s proverb, points out the foolishness of unnecessarily provoking a powerful enemy. A king’s anger might not be reasonable, or fair, but a wise person recognizes the benefit of avoiding it. The same wisdom would apply, today, in any circumstance involving authority. Until or unless there is no choice (Acts 5:29), it’s preferable to keep peace with those in charge. Solomon touches on how to handle the predicament of a king’s rage in Ecclesiastes: “If the anger of the ruler rises against you, do not leave your place, for calmness will lay great offenses to rest” (Ecclesiastes 10:4).

When Saul was king, he was irrationally angry and ordered that David should be assassinated (1 Samuel 19:1). However, Saul’s son Jonathan warned David. He placated his father’s wrath by reminding him how David risked his life to fight Goliath and save Israel (1 Samuel 19:4–5). Jonathan’s attempt to calm Saul’s anger worked. The same passage says, “Saul listened to the voice of Jonathan. Saul swore, ‘As the LORD lives, he shall not be put to death’” (1 Samuel 19:6).

Verse 15. In the light of a king ‘s face there is life,and his favor is like the clouds that bring the spring rain.

The previous proverb (Proverbs 16:14) noted that the anger of a king could bring death; a wise person consciously seeks to keep clear of such wrath. Here, the inverse is stated: there are tremendous benefits in gaining the favor of a king. While a king’s rage can bring destruction, his approval can bring life. References to a shining face—much like English expressions about someone “beaming”—are indications of happiness (Psalm 31:16) and approval (Numbers 6:25).

Likewise, rain that brings life to crops is considered a blessing (Psalm 72:6). Psalm 126:6 declares, “He who goes out weeping, bearing the seed for sowing, shall come home with shouts of joy, bringing his sheaves with him.”

As a general statement, this proverb implies there is good wisdom in “staying on the good side” of those in authority, when it’s reasonably possible. This is not a call for believers to be insincere. Nor does it imply believers should compromise their faith for the sake of political influence. Scripture notes that when any earthly power calls on a believer to sin, that authority should be disobeyed (Acts 5:29). The Bible also condemns things like bribery (Proverbs 15:27; 17:23), insincere flattery (Romans 16:18), and other manipulative tactics.

A better way to please authority is through honesty (Proverbs 16:13) and a faithful life. In 1 Timothy 2:1–2 Paul encourages believers to pray for kings and other high-ranking officials. Doing so, he says, enables believers to lead a peaceful, quiet, godly, and dignified life (1 Timothy 2:2).

Verse 16. How much better to get wisdom than gold!To get understanding is to be chosen rather than silver.

As he does in many other places (Proverbs 1:2; 3:19; 8:1; 10:13), Solomon places an extremely high value on wisdom and understanding. Throughout history, many have striven for material wealth. They think of money—in this verse, gold and silver—as the ultimate prize. Yet from God’s perspective, true worth is found in what a person learns through a right relationship with him (Proverbs 1:7). The pursuit of monetary wealth, instead of wisdom, can lead to destruction (Proverbs 15:16; 16:8). Famous, wealthy, successful people are not immune to depression, despair, unhappiness, and even suicide.

Paul gives Timothy a warning to pass along to those overly concerned with gaining wealth. He writes, “If we have food and clothing, with these we will be content. But those who desire to be rich fall into temptations, into a snare, into many senseless and harmful desires that plunge people into ruin and destruction” (1 Timothy 6:8–9). The expression “money doesn’t buy happiness” is oversimplified, but it’s undeniably true that having money does not guarantee peace, or joy. In fact, lasting joy is found only through the spiritual growth brought by a right relationship with God (Philippians 3:7–8).

Context Summary.
Proverbs 16:16–26 focuses on righteousness, pride, humility, faith, speaking, and industrious labor. Again, we see the contrast between the upright and fools, as well as between diligence and laziness. Many of these proverbs come in a two-sentence style, where each presents the same idea from different directions of thought.

Verse 17. The highway of the upright turns aside from evil;whoever guards his way preserves his life.

Solomon describes the life of an upright person as a highway. Scripture often uses this metaphor, in part because a person’s life is not a single step; it is a journey. Each choice is a step that moves us in a certain direction and creates the conditions for our next choice. Doing what is right often disagrees with our selfish human nature. This is why Jesus referred to righteousness as a “hard way” that few people choose (Matthew 7:14). Peter refers to this journey as a sojourn (1 Peter 2:11), and he urged his Christian readers to keep their conduct honorable (1 Peter 2:12).

Those encouragements fit Solomon’s description of the “highway of the upright” as one that avoids evil. In 2 Corinthians 5:17 Paul declares that every believer is newly created, with a life that doesn’t follow the paths of sin. Although believers sin (1 John 1:8–10), their lives are not characterized by sin. Instead, their new life is characterized by righteousness. The apostle John writes: “No one born of God makes a practice of sinning, for God’s seed abides in him; and he cannot keep on sinning” (1 John 3:9). As believers walk in newness of life, following Christ’s light (Psalm 119:105), they guard their souls from sinning.

As other proverbs have pointed out, this righteous path of belief in Christ keeps a person from dire consequences. These include both earthly complications of sin (Proverbs 12:28), and eternal separation from God (Romans 3:23; 6:23; 1 Corinthians 6:9–11).

Verse 18. Pride goes before destruction,and a haughty spirit before a fall.

This often-cited proverb notes that arrogance puts a person at risk for disaster. As with many such statements, it is true in both physical and spiritual ways. Overestimating one’s athletic skills might result in severe injury. “Cocky” fighters—those who become too self-confident—might suffer a stunning upset. History is full of losses and tragedies set up by someone’s smug self-assurance.

Even more dangerous is an attitude of spiritual pride: the arrogance that assumes one does not need God’s merciful forgiveness (Proverbs 6:16–19; Psalm 10:4–6; Romans 2:4–6). Those too proud to humble themselves before judgment will be humbled anyway (Romans 14:11; Philippians 2:10), but only before being cast into an eternity in the lake of fire (Revelation 20:10–15). Jesus told a parable warning about arrogance, showing the difference between a self-assured Pharisee and a self-aware tax collector (Luke 18:9–14).

King Nebuchadnezzar is a famous example of God humbling a proud person. Daniel 4:29–33 reports that Nebuchadnezzar was walking on the roof of his palace in Babylon, when he boasted, “Is not this great Babylon, which I have built by mighty power as a royal residence and for the glory of my majesty?” The next two verses tell us while he was mouthing these arrogant words, a voice from heaven announced that he would lose his throne and become an exile, living like an animal among animals. As promised, Nebuchadnezzar was driven insane and ate grass like an ox. God mercifully restored him, with a much-improved attitude (Daniel 4:34–37).

Verse 19. It is better to be of a lowly spirit with the poorthan to divide the spoil with the proud.

This verse follows the denunciation of the arrogant who reject God (Proverbs 16:18). This again notes how much more valuable spiritual riches are as compared to material wealth (Proverbs 15:16; 16:16). Poverty is especially preferable to gaining wealth by pride and immorality (Proverbs 6:12–15; Luke 12:16–21).

C. S. Lewis is credited with saying, “humility is not thinking less of yourself, it’s thinking of yourself less.” There’s an element of truth to that, in that the goal of humility is not to have a “lower” view of ourselves. At the same time, this proverb is found near others that warn about the opposite of humility—arrogance—which comes with great risks (Proverbs 16:5, 18). True humility is often misinterpreted as weakness, but it is actually a sign of great strength. Christ’s life gives us the perfect example of godly humility: He humbled himself to become our Savior. He demonstrated strength by doing the Father’s will even though it meant pouring out His life on the cross for us (Philippians 2:5¬–8).

Those who humbly acknowledge their sin and believe on Jesus as their Savior receive everlasting life (John 3:16–18). Those who are too proud for repentance, so they reject Jesus as Savior, will lose everything, including their souls. Jesus asked an extremely important question: “For what does it profit a man to gain the whole world and forfeit his soul?” (Mark 8:36). It is better to be materially poor but spiritually rich than to be materially rich but spiritually impoverished!

Verse 20. Whoever gives thought to the word will discover good,and blessed is he who trusts in the Lord.

The book of Proverbs endorses several aspects of wisdom, including the benefit of thinking clearly and carefully. What’s being given attention, in this verse, is translated from the Hebrew word dā’bor, which can refer to a statement, a concept, or an idea. A conscious effort to be diligent when assessing something tends to yield better results that inattention or laziness (Proverbs 14:15; 18:13). As other proverbs have noted, the most crucial aspect of clear thinking is seeking God’s truth more than anything else (Proverbs 1:7).

The most valuable “word” one can consider is the Word of God. Psalm 119:97–100 indicates that the Word of God bestows wisdom and understanding. The same psalm declares that those who love the Word experience “great peace” (Psalm 119:165).

Scripture also cautions that merely thinking about doing good is not enough. James 1:22 admonishes us to “be doers of the word, and not hearers only, deceiving yourselves.” James continues his admonition by comparing a man who simply hears the Word but does not obey it to a man who looks at his face in a mirror but soon forgets what he looks like (James 1:23¬–24). He concludes the admonition by saying, “But the one who looks into the perfect law, the law of liberty, and perseveres, being no hearer who forgets but a doer who acts, he will be blessed in his doing” (James 1:25).

Verse 21. The wise of heart is called discerning,and sweetness of speech increases persuasiveness.

The phrase “wise of heart,” as used here, suggests both factual and emotional discernment. A person recognized for their knowledge has a good reputation (Proverbs 3:3–4). Even more influential, however, is the person who pairs that discernment with carefully considered loving words (Proverbs 15:1). The same Hebrew word used for “sweetness” here is also employed later in reference to a honeycomb (Proverbs 16:24). The same idea is highlighted in two other proverbs in this passage (Proverbs 16:23–24). Truth spoken in gentler tones and phrases tends to be more easily accepted.

Of course, the wisest teacher was Jesus. He was always able to discern the heart and minds of others and provide perfect answers. Christians ought to follow Jesus’ example and use wise, pleasant words. Of course, this does not preclude all use of cutting phrases or rebuke (Matthew 12:33; 23:37). Those are best used with caution, however, and part of godly wisdom is knowing when to take such steps. Colossians 3:16 exhorts: “Let the word of Christ dwell in you richly, teaching and admonishing one another in all wisdom, singing psalms and hymns and spiritual songs, with thankfulness in your hearts to God.” Colossians 4:6 says, “Let your speech always be gracious, seasoned with salt, so that you may know how you ought to answer each person.”

Verse 22. Good sense is a fountain of life to him who has it,but the instruction of fools is folly.

This verse repeats a Hebrew word, used in other proverbs (Proverbs 12:8; 13:15; 19:11), which evokes ideas such as balance, common sense, and caution. Scripture often notes the benefits of diligence and care when making decisions (Proverbs 14:15; 18:13). A person with “good sense” not only benefits themselves, but they are also a refreshing help to others.

The second statement in this verse, as rendered in English, could be taken to mean that it’s pointless to try to educate foolish people. That would correspond with other statements made in this book (Proverbs 9:7–8; 17:10) and other parts of Scripture (Matthew 7:6). The structure of these Hebrew proverbs, however, implies something different: that the way “fools” learn is through their “folly.” The consequences of foolish actions teach the lessons wiser people would have listened to before making bad decisions. Learning through such consequences can be especially painful (Proverbs 10:14; 13:13; 14:3).

“Foolishness,” in this context, is not a matter of intellect. The point is not about whether a person is smart or stupid. The worst expression of foolishness is insisting God doesn’t exist. Psalm 14:1 describes such persons as “corrupt” and caught up in sin. Ecclesiastes 10:12 declares, “The lips of a fool consume him.” Someday the Lord will judge the fool’s words. In Ezekiel 13 He identifies false prophets as fools (Ezekiel 13:3) and predicts devastating judgment against them. In the same passage, God promises to pour out His wrath and cause them to perish (Ezekiel 13:13–14).

Verse 23. The heart of the wise makes his speech judiciousand adds persuasiveness to his lips.

The statement here pairs with verse 21 (Proverbs 16:21) and the following proverb (Proverbs 16:24). In fact, the teaching contained here rephrases the same idea taught in verse 21. An important facet of wisdom is knowing how to speak, not merely what to say. Careful choice of words impacts how well those words are received (Proverbs 15:1; Colossians 4:6). Truly wise people use helpful words in a helpful manner. Such a person not only speaks truth, but he also “makes his speech judicious.” This phrase is also translated as “instructs his mouth.” The emphasis is on controlling one’s tongue—not always an easy task (James 1:26; 3:5–8).

Solomon urged his son to heed wise words so he would understand the fear of the Lord, avoid evil, and experience the Lord’s protection (Proverbs 2). The Lord Jesus employed wise, persuasive speech when He taught the multitudes and His disciples. On one occasion, Jesus asked His disciples if they would leave Him. Simon Peter answered, “Lord, to whom shall we go? You have the words of eternal life, and we have believed, and have come to know, that you are the Holy One of God” (John 6:68–69). John 7:45 relates that officers, sent by the chief priests and Pharisees to arrest Jesus, returned without Jesus. When the chief priests and Pharisees asked why they did not bring Jesus, the officers replied, “No one ever spoke like this man” (John 7:46). Those who speak truth in a winsome way have a profound influence on others.

Verse 24. Gracious words are like a honeycomb,sweetness to the soul and health to the body.

Two of the preceding proverbs pointed out the value of gracious speech (Proverbs 16:21, 23). This verse repeats a root word for “sweetness” used in verse 21. In this context, these are also called “gracious words,” meaning they are not only truthful, but they are also spoken with tact and caution (Proverbs 15:1; Colossians 4:6). The right message, delivered in the right way, is a great blessing to others (Proverbs 15:23). Such advice helps the spirit (Proverbs 3:21–22), and helps the body, not the least by guiding a person away from the consequences of sin (Proverbs 11:19; 14:12).

As Solomon wrote these words, perhaps he remembered what his father David testified in Psalm 19:9–10: “The rules of the LORD are true, and righteous altogether. More to be desired are they than gold, even much fine gold, sweeter also than honey and drippings of the honeycomb.” In Psalm 119:103 the psalmist exclaims, “How sweet are your words to my taste, sweeter than honey to my mouth!” Words that believers speak can soothe, comfort, guide, and encourage others to know the Lord and obey His commands. In 1 Thessalonians 5:11 the apostle Paul exhorts believers to “encourage one another and build one another up.” Only gracious, delightful words can accomplish this task.

Verse 25. There is a way that seems right to a man,but its end is the way to death.

This verse repeats, exactly, the statement contained in Proverbs 14:12. Repetition is a common technique used to emphasize a statement’s importance. In this context, Solomon speaks about the benefits of timely, loving wisdom (Proverbs 16:21–24). This also harmonizes with the following proverb, which notes how feelings and desires are a form of motivation (Proverbs 16:26).

The consequences of following the wrong path are one reason it’s important to seek wisdom and offer it to others. Arrogance (Proverbs 16:5; 1 Corinthians 10:12) prevents a person from examining their thoughts and sets them up for terrible consequences.

Many people falsely assume they are following the right path through life. That error usually comes when we confuse preferences with truth. Human reasoning, left to itself, can accomplish some good things. But it ultimately leads to disaster (Jeremiah 17:9). Desires not aligned with God’s will are doomed to eventual failure (Proverbs 1:7; 3:5). This is the reason Scripture so emphasizes self-examination (2 Corinthians 13:5) and seeking advice from godly people (Proverbs 11:14; 15:5).

An especially dangerous form of this overconfidence is when someone believes their way is morally “good enough” to earn salvation. Such persons expect what they are doing will earn them a place in heaven. But they are mistaken. Entrance into heaven is gained not by what a person does but by what Jesus has done (Titus 3:5). By shedding His blood on the cross Jesus paid the full penalty for our sins. Nothing needs to be added to what He did on the cross, and nothing can be added to what He accomplished there. When He cried out from the cross, “It is finished” (John 19:30), He was declaring that the work of redemption stood complete for all time. The Greek word translated, “It is finished,” appeared in bills when the final payment was made. It served notice that another payment was unnecessary. It is human nature, however, to think one’s honorable deeds must accompany Jesus’ redemptive work. Therefore, many self-righteous people follow the wide path leading to destruction (Matthew 7:13).

Verse 26. A worker ‘s appetite works for him;his mouth urges him on.

Several proverbs in this book point out the dangers of laziness (Proverbs 10:4–5; 14:23). When a person has no sense of need, they can be unmotivated to work. That might not bring immediate consequences. Yet laziness can result in dire shortages later (Proverbs 6:6–11). This statement points out that felt need—literal or figurative “hunger”—can become an advantage: it inspires the person to apply more effort. The “mouth,” in this case, is the part of the body that wants food, and it spurs a person to continue working when they’d rather not.

Scripture promotes a good work ethic. Even in the garden of Eden’s “very good” environment (Genesis 1:31), the Lord assigned work for Adam. Genesis 2:15 informs us, “The LORD God took the man [Adam] and put him in the garden of Eden to work it and keep it.” Work tragically shifted from joy into a harsh necessity after Adam and Eve sinned. The Lord told Adam, “Cursed is the ground because of you; in pain you shall eat of it all the days of your life; thorns and thistles it shall bring forth for you … By the sweat of your face you shall eat bread” (Genesis 3:17–19).

The Bible tempers commands to help those who are poor and needy with warnings about enabling laziness. There are those who would work, if they could; fellow believers should try to ease their hardship (1 John 3:17). This is especially important for family members (1 Timothy 5:8). To those able to work, but unwilling to work, the apostle Paul counseled the Thessalonian believers not to contribute. He writes in 2 Thessalonians 3:6: “Now we command you, brothers, in the name of our Lord Jesus Christ, that you keep yourselves from any brother who is walking in idleness.” The same passage commands: “If anyone is not willing to work, let him not eat” (2 Thessalonians 3:10).

Verse 27. A worthless man plots evil,and his speech is like a scorching fire.

This proverb includes the Hebrew term beliy’ya’al, used elsewhere in much the same way as the English words “rascal,” “scoundrel,” or “villain” (Deuteronomy 13:13; Proverbs 6:12). The Hebrew word combines the terms for “without” and “use,” which is why it’s often translated as “worthless.” This was carried forward into languages such as Greek and Latin, in forms such as Belial, and used as another name for Satan (2 Corinthians 6:15). Solomon’s depiction is of someone who does more than succumb to temptation in a moment of weakness. The Hebrew phrasing implies one who “digs up” evil. This is a person acting with deliberate intent.

Other proverbs in this section noted the benefit of carefully-chosen words (Proverbs 16:21, 23–24). In contrast, words intended to harm are especially damaging. Those who deliberately speak evil use profane, blasphemous, and hurtful words. Solomon compares such speech to “scorching fire.” The words create pain and destruction. This powerful imagery is echoed by James, who also compares the tongue’s power to that of fire (James 3:5–6). Spiteful words intended to hurt are deeply wounding and can leave lasting emotional scars.

In modern English, “arson” is used to describe the crime of deliberately setting a destructive fire; it’s considered a serious offense. Evil people often commit spiritual and social forms of arson through gossiping or lies (Proverbs 6:16–19). It’s appropriate that this sin is mentioned in the same proverb as a word later used to refer to Satan. Those who breathe hate resemble the Devil, who Jesus said “was a murderer from the beginning, and does not stand in the truth, because there is no truth in him. When he lies, he speaks out of his own character, for he is a liar and the father of lies” (John 8:44).

Context Summary.
Proverbs 16:27–33 closes chapter 16, as Solomon continues his wise sayings. This passage contrasts evil men with men who are righteous, honest, and disciplined. Evil in the heart produces wicked speech, but righteousness in the heart shows itself in righteous living.

Verse 28. A dishonest man spreads strife,and a whisperer separates close friends.

Verse 27 used a Hebrew word, translated as “worthless” in English, which was later used as another name for Satan: Belial. Those scoundrel-types, or villains, make deliberate effort to do evil and harm others with their words. Here, Solomon condemns similar themes of dishonesty and damaging speech. “Dishonest” is from a Hebrew term used elsewhere in Proverbs (Proverbs 2:12; 6:14; 8:13; 10:31–32) in reference to perversity and immorality.

From Solomon’s royal perspective, a dishonest counselor might give false information about a neighboring nation (Proverbs 16:13). This could lead the two nations to war. A dishonest man might lie about the intentions of a neighbor, starting a conflict with someone else. One of the Devil’s frequent tools is uncontrolled speech (James 3:5–6). That includes things like gossip and slander (Proverbs 6:16–19). Lies can create a rift even between friends. The apostle Paul wisely counsels Timothy to reject anyone who aspires to be a church leader if he tolerates slander within his family (1 Timothy 3:11). Jesus anticipated how often dishonest statements would be thrown against His people. He said, “Blessed are you when others revile you and persecute you and utter all kinds of evil against you falsely on my account” (Matthew 5:11).

Verse 29. A man of violence entices his neighborand leads him in a way that is not good.

Solomon described two kinds of evil people in the preceding verses (Proverbs 16:27–28). One was “worthless:” a villain who deliberately plotted evil. The other was “dishonest,” using twisted words and lies. Here, evil is described in the form of violence. The Hebrew word translated “violence” here is hā’mās’. This includes brute force assault, as well as oppression or unjustness and cruelty. The term also evokes the lingering effects of violence, such as deprivation and abuse. This is the same term used to describe the men of the pre-flood world (Genesis 6:11). Men of violence are not only disobedient to God, they are also harsh and abusive to each other (Psalm 11:5; Proverbs 3:29).

Worse still is when the violent person persuades others to join in violent acts. Like Satan, he is not content to oppose God and all that is right; he drafts others into his evil activity. Revelation 12:3–4 mentions a great red dragon, Satan, who opposes God and God’s people. In his rebellion against God, he led one third of the angels with him.

Paul warned Timothy about the dangers of evil people who lead others astray. Avoiding them, when possible, is key (1 Timothy 3:1–7). Instructions to resist evil also appear in Proverbs 1:10–15. These verses state, “My son, if sinners entice you, do not consent. If they say, ‘Come with us, let us lie in wait for blood …throw in your lot with us’ … my son, do not walk in the way with them.”

Verse 30. Whoever winks his eyes plans dishonest things;he who purses his lips brings evil to pass.

Proverbs 6:13 refers to those who use subtle signals to communicate with other criminals. The association of wrongdoing with “shifty” facial signs is also seen in Proverbs 10:10. The imagery here is of someone who plans evil (Proverbs 16:27) and conspires with others to secretly spring violence (Proverbs 16:29) on an unsuspecting person (Proverbs 1:11, 18).

Others may not understand the signals sent by conspiring attackers, but the Lord understands. Nothing is hidden from God (Hebrews 4:13). He sees the heart and discerns the intentions of the heart and mind (1 Samuel 16:7). He will not fail to judge the unrighteous. Jeremiah 17:9–10 declares: “The heart is deceitful above all things, and desperately sick; who can understand it? ‘I the LORD search the heart and test the mind, to give every man according to his ways, according to the fruit of his deeds.’”

Perhaps the Bible’s most infamous use of these deceptive signals was Judas. He betrayed Christ using a signal to those who would arrest Jesus. He told the arresting soldiers that he would identify Jesus by kissing Him. However, Jesus knew what the kiss meant (Luke 22:47–48).

Verse 31. Gray hair is a crown of glory;it is gained in a righteous life.

An Amish proverb states that “we get too soon old and too late smart.” Certain facets of wisdom only come by experience. Unfortunately, some people age more quickly than they mature. In prior eras, numerous factors led to fewer people surviving into old age. Those who did, however, usually acquired some level of wisdom. Solomon says of such people that their “gray hair is a crown of glory.” He adds that the crown of glory is more readily acquired by leading a righteous life (Proverbs 3:1–2; 9:10–11).

Luke identifies two elderly people who led a righteous life. They were Simeon and Anna. Luke 2:25 describes Simeon as “righteous and devout,” and he was “waiting for the consolation of Israel, and the Holy Spirit was upon him.” Anna, a prophetess, was an 84-year-old widow. Luke writes that she “did not depart from the temple, worshiping with fasting and prayer” (Luke 2:37). These two righteous, elderly people rejoiced when Jesus’ parents brought Him as an infant to the temple. Both spoke with wisdom concerning Jesus. Simeon told Mary that Jesus was “appointed for the fall and rising of many in Israel” (Luke 2:34), and verse 38 informs us that Anna gave thanks to God and spoke of Him “to all who were waiting for the redemption of Jerusalem.”

Verse 32. Whoever is slow to anger is better than the mighty,and he who rules his spirit than he who takes a city.

In this verse Solomon commends the person who controls their temper. The ability to defeat others in battle is impressive, but well-developed self-control is an even rarer gift (James 3:2; Psalm 32:8–9). Solomon makes a similar point in Proverbs 14:29, and again compares self-control to warfare in Proverbs 25:28. This is quite a commendation, as military might was extremely important and well respected in Solomon’s time. Nevertheless, self-discipline that puts a lid on anger and controls passions, appetites, affections, and temper is a greater advantage than being a renowned soldier.

In 1 Corinthians 9:24–27 Paul writes about the importance of self-discipline. He points out that athletes practice self-discipline to win a temporary earthly token. Paul, however, sought self-discipline to gain rewards that would never be lost.

Verse 33. The lot is cast into the lap,but its every decision is from the Lord.

This proverb emphasizes the Lord’s sovereign control over all things. Many common English expressions about luck relate to rolling dice. The point of dice is belief that well-balanced cubes will give a completely random result each time they are used. Casting lots in the Old Testament era might have involved one or more methods meant to seek an uncontrolled, arbitrary result. Such techniques are often used when a decision needs to be completely free from human bias (Proverbs 18:18; Joshua 14:2; Jonah 1:7).

The truth is that what human beings call “luck” is merely the sum of all the factors we cannot see or control. No dice roll, or casting of lots, ever takes God by surprise. Some things do happen “by chance,” from the human perspective, as even Jesus noted (Luke 10:31). That does not mean they are arbitrary or random from God’s point of view. Even those things we perceive as determined by chance are in the Lord’s control (Psalm 16:5). This proverb points out that even those things we think of as “pure chance” are still under God’s sovereign control.

After Judas committed suicide, Peter led 120 believers to cast lots to decide who should become an apostle in place of Judas. Barsabbas and Matthias became the two candidates for the apostolic office. When the group prayed for the Lord’s will to be accomplished, they said: “You, Lord, who know the hearts of all, show which of these two you have chosen to take the place in this ministry and apostleship from which Judas turned aside to go to his own place” (Acts 1:24–25). Then they cast lots, “and the lot fell on Matthias, and he was numbered with the eleven apostles” (Acts 1:26).

End of Proverbs 16.

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