A Verse by Verse Study in the Book of Psalms, (ESV) with Irv Risch, Chapter 49

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What does Psalms Chapter 49 mean?

The subject of this psalm is depicted as a “riddle.” In this case, that means something hard to understand or a frustration which requires wisdom to untangle (Proverbs 1:6–7). According to the introduction, this message is valuable for all people. That includes those who are rich or poor, powerful or weak (Psalm 49:1–4).

The mystery in question is how to react to people who are both wicked and rich. Some appear to live lives of comfort and prestige, though their hearts are opposed to God. Meanwhile, godly people often suffer. This is a topic addressed in other psalms (Psalm 73:2–3) and proverbs (Proverbs 11:422:2). This can be discouraging to those who faithfully follow the Lord. However, those who reject God can only have temporary, false security. Money and prestige do not buy a pardon from sin. Eventually, everyone dies, and the rich will leave their money behind for others. Only the God-fearing person has hope in eternity (Psalm 49:5–12).

Those who trust in wealth, instead of God, have a final destiny of death. The psalm uses the term Sheol several times, referring vaguely to the grave or state of being dead. Those who honor God shouldn’t be jealous of prosperous-but-ungodly people. Just as the poor, those rich persons will one day face God in judgment. No matter how wealthy a man is, he cannot avoid death any more than can the lowliest animal (Psalm 49:13–20).

Chapter Context
As did Psalm 73, this passage tackles the riddle of how to respond to prosperity among those who reject God. Just as did Asaph (Psalm 73:15–19), the psalmist concludes that the prosperous wicked face a hopeless end. The righteous have an endless hope. This psalm is rightfully regarded as a wisdom psalm. Several themes, such as the temporary nature of wealth, are echoed in the book of Proverbs.

Verse by Verse

Verse 1. Hear this, all peoples!Give ear, all inhabitants of the world,

The psalmist begins by calling upon the entire world to hear what he has to say. “World” in this context means “the entire human race.” The topic to be discussed in this song is relevant to all people, in all cultures, and at all times.

Christians, too, call upon the whole human race to hear what they have to say. Jesus told His disciples to go into all the world and proclaim the gospel, the good news of salvation (Matthew 28:19–20). Forty days after rising from the grave, He issued a similar command and specified where the good news should be proclaimed. He said, “But you will receive power when the Holy Spirit has come upon you, and you will be my witnesses in Jerusalem and in all Judea and Samaria, and to the end of the earth” (Acts 1:8). It is the privilege and responsibility of every Christian to share the good news. Romans 10:14 challenges: “And how are they to believe in him of whom they have never heard?”

The “choirmaster” noted here was probably an official overseeing music and singing in the temple. This fits the mention of the Sons of Korah. They were the descendants of those who survived God’s judgment after the exodus, and who became known for their connection to music (Numbers 16:25–3226:9–11).

Context Summary
Psalm 49:1–4 introduces the topic of the rest of the song. What the psalmist is about to say is crucial for everyone. It is a wise message that discusses a difficult topic—a “riddle”—which many people struggle to understand. The rest of the psalm discusses the frustration of seeing evil people prosper in the world, while there are good people who suffer.

Verse 2. both low and high,rich and poor together!

No one is left out of the psalmist’s invitation to hear his message (Psalm 49:1). It was for everyone, including the lowest class of society and the highest class. It was for rich and poor together.

Similarly, God’s invitation to accept His love and everlasting life is for everyone who will believe in His Son (John 3:16–18). When Jesus ministered on earth, He excluded no one from His love and message. He promised, “Whoever comes to me I will never cast out” (John 6:37). He showed compassion and forgiveness to outcasts and influential people alike. He cleansed lepers (Mark 1:40–42); forgave despised tax collectors (Luke 19:8–10), an adulteress (John 8:10–11), a Samaritan woman (John 4:39), a crucified and dying thief (Luke 23:42–43), His own Roman executioners (Luke 23:33–34); and offered salvation to a rich young man (Matthew 19:21–23). He shed His blood on the cross for the sins of the whole world (1 John 2:2).

Christ’s earliest followers carried His message of love and forgiveness to everyone, without exception. They healed a lame beggar (Acts 3:1–7) and shared the gospel with a wealthy businesswoman (Acts 16:11–15). The apostle Paul even declared the gospel to philosophers, governors, and kings (Acts 17:15–3124—26).

Verse 3. My mouth shall speak wisdom;the meditation of my heart shall be understanding.

The psalmist has called on all people to listen (Psalm 49:1–2), and now promises to speak valuable words.

The message God conveys in His Word, the Bible, exudes wisdom. Psalm 119:98–99 quotes the writer as saying, “Your commandment makes me wiser than my enemies, for it is ever with me. I have more understanding than all my teachers, for your testimonies are my meditation.” When the Lord called Joshua to succeed Moses as Israel’s leader, He told him to carefully study the Book of the Law and carefully obey everything in it. As a result, Joshua would be prosperous and successful (Joshua 1:8).

The wisdom God gives through His Word outstrips by far the wisdom of the world. The apostle Paul writes, “Has not God made foolish the wisdom of the world?…but we preach Christ crucified, a stumbling block to Jews and folly to Gentiles, but to those who are called, both Jews and Greeks, Christ the power of God and the wisdom of God” (1 Corinthians 1:20–24).

Verse 4. I will incline my ear to a proverb;I will solve my riddle to the music of the lyre.

When this psalm opened, the writer called on all people to hear his valuable words (Psalm 49:1–3). The psalmist now explains that he will pay close attention to what he shares. His message would inspire him before it would inspire others. The method of explaining this wisdom would be in song: to set his teaching to the music of an instrument.

This message is referred to as a “riddle.” In Hebrew, the term is hidāt, from a root word implying something obscure or hard to understand. This is the same word used in Proverbs 1:6 when speaking of ideas requiring godly wisdom to grasp. In this case, the issue is the apparent success which some evil people have in the world (Psalm 73:2–3). Believers in almost every generation have wrestled with this frustrating experience. Though we know God’s grace is enough for any situation (2 Corinthians 12:9), it is especially hard to see ungodly people “succeed” in the world while righteous people suffer.

Over the rest of this psalm, the riddle is given an answer: this life is not all there is. Those who reject God in this life may find some success for now. But before long, they will be judged by God in eternity. When that happens, earthly success will disappear and all that will matter is one’s standing with the Lord (Psalm 49:16–20Proverbs 11:4).

Verse 5. Why should I fear in times of trouble,when the iniquity of those who cheat me surrounds me,

In Psalm 73, Asaph describes his frustration: seeing evil people who prosper (Psalm 73:2–3). Later in the song, he is reminded that those who defy God cannot escape judgment (Psalm 73:15–20). With a similar sentiment, the writer of Psalm 49 wonders aloud why he allowed his experience with cheats and frauds to become a discouragement. As he will note (Psalm 49:8–9), their wealth cannot save them from judgment at the hands of the Lord.

It is no sin to be wealthy, but it is immoral to use wealth to abuse others. The apostle James writes about greedy farmers who cheated the laborers who mowed their fields, holding back their promised wages. Though it might seem like the cheating businessmen had “won,” James warns them to mourn for the ruin that awaits them (James 5:1–6). Christians should put money to good use. As stewards of all that God has given them (1 Corinthians 4:2), they should be generous, not stingy. Paul urged the Corinthian Christians to excel in the act of giving (2 Corinthians 9:8), to give bountifully (2 Corinthians 9:6) and cheerfully (2 Corinthians 9:7).

Context Summary
Psalm 49:5–12 begins to describe and unravel the “riddle” previously mentioned. Though God warns about sin, wicked people may still prosper on earth. This can be discouraging to those who follow God but suffer at the hands of evil people. As the psalmist explains, ungodly people can only have a false sense of security. Wealth cannot buy pardon from sin. Ultimately, they will die and leave their wealth to others. The God-honoring person, however, has nothing to fear in eternity.

Verse 6. those who trust in their wealthand boast of the abundance of their riches?

Wealth tempts us to think we don’t need God or His mercy (Matthew 19:23–24). Those who defy God’s will and become rich as a result are especially prone to believing they won’t suffer consequences (Psalm 49:5). They might even brag about their illicit gains. A rich man—especially one with no respect for God—can believe money is the solution to all problems. Scripture reminds us, however, that earthly wealth cannot save one’s soul (Proverbs 11:4).

Being rich is not a sin, itself. What’s immoral is trusting in money rather than God or using wealth and power to abuse those with less resources. The apostle Paul called on Timothy to teach rich Christians not to be arrogant (1 Timothy 6:17). The writer of Proverbs counsels: “Do not toil to acquire wealth; be discerning enough to desist. When your eyes light on it, it is gone, for suddenly it sprouts wings, flying like an eagle toward heaven” (Proverbs 23:4–5).

Jesus described the sad consequences of a rich man’s overconfidence in wealth. After an abundant harvest, the man in Jesus’ parable assumed he could live as he pleased without any worries (Luke 12:19). His boast was foolish, and he deceived himself. That night God parted him from his life, and his wealth, and the rich man faced God’s judgment (Luke 12:20).

Verse 7. Truly no man can ransom another,or give to God the price of his life,

The writer of this psalm is untangling the “riddle” (Psalm 49:1–4) of wicked people who seem to become rich by unjust means, or use their riches unrighteously, without consequences (Psalm 49:5–6). His answer, in part, is that no human being can earn enough money to pay off their debt to God. The debt of sin against the Creator cannot be paid for with possessions we did not create and cannot keep (Luke 12:19–20Proverbs 11:423:4–5). No man can accumulate enough wealth to save his own soul, or anyone else’s (Titus 3:5). Rather than being frustrated by the success of an immoral person, we should remember their dire fate (Psalm 73:2–315–20).

Jesus asked, “For what does it profit a man if he gains the whole world and loses or forfeits himself?” (Luke 9:25). When a rich man asked Jesus how to gain eternal life, Jesus told him to sell all his possessions. That command was targeted directly at that man, who was willing to do many things for God—but not become poor (Luke 18:18–23). Jesus commented: “How difficult it is for those who have wealth to enter the kingdom of God! For it easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle than for a rich person to enter the kingdom of God” (Luke 18:24–25). The wealthy man made the fatal mistake of prioritizing riches over his soul.

Verse 8. for the ransom of their life is costlyand can never suffice,

Under the Mosaic law a person could rescue a poor relative from indentured service by paying his debts (Leviticus 25:23–28). This “ransom” was meant to pay their debts and set them free. Earthly money can solve some earthly problems. But it cannot prevent a person from dying, eventually (Hebrews 9:27). Nor could any amount of money cover a man’s sins against God (Psalm 49:7). When it seems unfair that a wicked person can be successful (Psalm 49:5–673:2–3) we should remember that wealth has no value in eternity (Psalm 73:15–20). Ignoring God to seek money will not save one’s life, but it will damn one’s soul (Psalm 49:9).

In various ways, writers and speakers have noted that a person might sacrifice health to gain wealth, but when their health fails, they’ll spend all their wealth seeking to be healthy. Death is no respecter of persons, and Hebrews 9:27 makes it clear that every person has an appointment with death. Money cannot cancel this appointment. Jesus told a story about a rich man who lived in the lap of luxury. He wore expensive clothes and ate fine foods every day (Luke 16:19). However, his extravagant lifestyle ended when he died, and his wealth stayed behind. His body was buried and his soul went into torment because he did not honor God (Luke 16:20–31).

All who die without knowing Jesus as Savior will perish eternally (John 3:16–1836), whether they were wealthy or poor. Giving up the health and life of one’s soul is even more foolish than sacrificing physical well-being to be rich.

Verse 9. that he should live on foreverand never see the pit.

The psalmist is answering the “riddle” (Psalm 49:1–4) of why God allows some wicked people to become wealthy and successful (Psalm 49:5–6). The answer, in part, is that money cannot buy off God (Psalm 73:2–315–20). Death comes for all people, and after that they face judgment before their Creator (Hebrews 9:27). All the money in the world cannot earn eternal life. The pit or grave, in this context, is the place where the body decomposes. Even those who live in luxury will experience corruption in the grave; yet for those who trust in Christ, there is hope beyond physical death (John 3:16–18). It is the hope of resurrection.

The apostle Paul writes in 1 Corinthians 15:54–55: “When the perishable puts on the imperishable, and the mortal puts on immortality, then shall come to pass the saying that is written: ‘Death is swallowed up in victory.’ ‘O death, where is your victory? O death, where is your sting?’” In verse 57 he gives God the glory for giving believers this victory through our Lord Jesus Christ. When Jesus comes in the air to catch away all Christians, the bodies of departed Christians will be resurrected and transformed. Their bodies will reunite with their spirits that are in heaven. At the same times, the bodies of living Christians will be changed (1 Thessalonians 4:13–17). The body of every Christian will resemble the glorified body of Jesus Christ (Philippians 3:20–21).

Verse 10. For he sees that even the wise die;the fool and the stupid alike must perishand leave their wealth to others.

Physical death is inevitable. The obituary columns lists the deaths of the rich, poor, well-educated, ignorant, famous, and obscure. Genesis chapter 5 lists the amazingly long lifespans of those who lived before the flood—but even they died, eventually. When death comes, any wealth a person has earned is passed to someone else. They take nothing physical with them, and they cannot hope to bribe God to forgive their sins (Proverbs 11:4). It may be discouraging to see evil people becoming rich and successful (Psalm 49:1–6). Yet their success is temporary; sooner or later, they will face their Creator and be held accountable (Psalm 49:7–9).

Those who place their faith in Christ also leave all earthly possessions behind when they die, but they receive an abundant inheritance in heaven (John 3:16–17). The apostle Peter describes Christians’ inheritance as “imperishable, undefiled, and unfading, kept in heaven for you” (1 Peter 1:4).

Verse 11. Their graves are their homes forever,their dwelling places to all generations,though they called lands by their own names.

No matter how rich and successful a person is, they will one day die and leave behind every physical possession they had (Hebrews 9:27). They will face God and be judged without any hope of using wealth to buy their way into heaven (Proverbs 11:4). Even the most famous, legacy-leaving hero of a nation will still die and be subject to examination by the Lord (Psalm 49:7–10).

Ultimately, those who reject God in this life will suffer in torment (Luke 16:22–31). When they are resurrected, it will be to face the Lord at the great white throne judgment. Then they will enter the lake of fire forever (Revelation 20:11–15). A search of the Lamb’s book of life will determine that they failed to trust in Jesus as their Savior (John 3:16–18). Trusting in Him is the only way to guarantee that a person will spend eternity in heaven (John 1:123:36).

This ominous truth should make Christians less discouraged when it seems that evil people are gaining wealth and power (Psalm 49:5–673:2–3). Whatever they gain is pitiful, tiny, and temporary, compared to eternity (Psalm 73:15–20).

Verse 12. Man in his pomp will not remain;he is like the beasts that perish.

The psalmist is working through a “riddle” (Psalm 49:4) that causes much frustration. Though God condemns sin, some evil people become rich and successful (Psalm 49:5–673:2–3). The answer to the riddle is that earthly life is short and impermanent—eventually, all wealth is left behind and we face judgment before our Creator (Hebrews 9:27). When that happens, those who pursued money instead of God will be doomed (Psalm 73:15–20Revelation 20:11–15).

Just as money cannot buy salvation, adoration from other people is not enough to overcome the penalty of sin. Death puts an end to whatever honor a person achieves in life. Ultimately, all men die physically. While mankind was given a special creation by God (Genesis 1:27), our bodies will decay and rot just as the lowliest animal (Genesis 3:19). The breath of life leaves them, and their bodies decay. Solomon writes in Ecclesiastes 3:19–20: “For what happens to the children of man and what happens to the beasts is the same; as one dies, so dies the other. They all have the same breath, and man has no advantage over the beasts, for all is vanity. All go to one place. All are from the dust, and to dust all return.”

Nevertheless, upon death, the believer’s spirit leaves the body and goes to heaven to be with the Lord. Paul writes: “Yes, we are of good courage, and we would rather be away from the body and at home with the Lord” (2 Corinthians 5:8). On the other hand, when an unbeliever dies, his spirit is eternally separated from God (Matthew 25:41Luke 16:22–23Revelation 20:15).

Verse 13. This is the path of those who have foolish confidence;yet after them people approve of their boasts. Selah

Both rich and poor, alike, should understand what wealth can or cannot do (Psalm 49:1–2). Wealthy people often trust in their riches instead of in God. Being able to solve earthly problems with money can numb someone to their spiritual needs (Psalm 49:10). It becomes easier to believe one has no need of help—that they are self-sufficient. Scripture calls such trust “foolish confidence.” The psalmist also shakes his head to think that people approve of wealthy boasting about their security.

An almost exact example of this scenario is found in one of Jesus’ parables (Luke 12:13–21). He commented on the condition of a rich farmer who felt secure because his crops produced a super-abundant harvest. The man did not realize God would call him into eternity that very night. Despite feeling so secure, he was just as vulnerable as any other man. Jesus observed, “So is the one who lays up treasure for himself and is not rich toward God” (Luke 12:21). Jesus also commented that “it is easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle than for a rich person to enter the kingdom of God” (Luke 18:25). He followed this comment by explaining that it is possible for a rich person to be saved, but it requires an act of God (Luke 18:27). Worldly wealth can be used for good purposes (1 Timothy 4:46:17–19) but it comes with many risks, as well.

Context Summary
Psalm 49:13–20 further explains what happens to wicked people who trust in money rather than in God. Sheol—death and the grave—is their destiny. Righteous people should not be jealous of them or fear them. The rich leave everything behind when they die, no different than a poor person. For a second time, the writer compares physical death to that of animals.

Verse 14. Like sheep they are appointed for Sheol;death shall be their shepherd,and the upright shall rule over them in the morning.Their form shall be consumed in Sheol, with no place to dwell.

Using poetic language, the psalmist compares ungodly people to sheep. This metaphor is often used in the Bible—several times as a reference to believers, but not in all cases; it is used to depict those who depend on following their master. Sheep follow their shepherd where the shepherd leads; death is the shepherd leading the wicked wealthy to Sheol: the place of death and the grave. By contrast, believers have a shepherd who leads them “beside still waters” and “in paths of righteousness” (Psalm 23:2–3). At the end of this earthly life believers will “dwell in the house of the Lᴏʀᴅ forever” (Psalm 23:6).

The psalmist encourages his audience by telling them they will rule once the night has passed. When Jesus comes in the air, He will raise Christians from the dead and transform their bodies along with the bodies of living Christians (1 Corinthians 15:51–551 Thessalonians 4:13–17). All Christians will share in the Lord’s glory when He appears (Colossians 3:4). The wicked are bound for eternal punishment, but believers are bound for eternal glory.

Verse 15. But God will ransom my soul from the power of Sheol,for he will receive me. Selah

The psalmist’s confidence was not anchored in material goods (Psalm 49:10–13), but in God’s grace. He knew God would keep his soul from death and the grave, here referred to using the word Sheol. The wicked who reject God will suffer eternal death, but those who come to faith in God have life beyond the grave.

This gives reasons to anticipate a glorious reception. Although Job lived long before the Scriptures were written, he had a similar confidence. He declared, “For I know that my Redeemer lives, and at the last he will stand upon the earth. And after my skin has been thus destroyed, yet in my flesh I shall see God, whom I shall see for myself, and my eyes shall behold, and not another” (Job 19:25–27). The apostle Peter encourages Christians to anticipate the unveiling of Jesus Christ at His coming. At that time, the testing of their faith will result in praise, honor, and glory (1 Peter 1:7). Furthermore, Christians can “rejoice with joy that is inexpressible and filled with glory” (1 Peter 1:8).

Verse 16. Be not afraid when a man becomes rich,when the glory of his house increases.

It’s natural to become discouraged, jealous, or even fearful when godless people seem to prosper (Psalm 73:2–3). One solution to that angst is remembering that wealth does not buy favor with God (Psalm 49:10–13). Even if the world applauds the wicked person, that won’t save them. This message is valuable to all people, regardless of wealth (Psalm 49:1–2). The rich should be warned not to see their money as a sign of God’s moral approval.

In the Old Testament era, the wealthy were especially prone to abuse the poor. Such mistreatment also occurred in New Testament times, and it still occurs throughout the world today. The apostle James alludes to rich farmers who took advantage of their laborers. They kept back the laborers’ wages by fraud, while they lived in luxury and in self-indulgence. James even accuses them of condemning and murdering the righteous person (James 5:1–6).

Jesus told His followers not to fear what wicked, influential men may do. He said, “Do not fear those who kill the body but cannot kill the soul. Rather fear him who can destroy both soul and body in hell” (Matthew 10:28). Believers should neither fear nor envy the wicked rich. God has promised to meet all their needs (Matthew 6:25–34Philippians 4:19). First Peter 2:1 lists envy along with malice, deceit, hypocrisy, and slander as vices to be put away.

Verse 17. For when he dies he will carry nothing away;his glory will not go down after him.

The psalmist points out that when a wicked rich person dies, he takes nothing with him (Psalm 49:10). A common proverb in English is the expression “you can’t take it with you.” Whatever possessions, money, and fame a person gains in their lifetime are left behind entirely when they depart for the grave.

Solomon muses in Ecclesiastes 5:15: “As he came from his mother’s womb he shall go again, naked as he came, and shall take nothing for his toil that he may carry away in his hand.” Alexander the Great conquered numerous lands and built a name for himself when barely beyond thirty years old. But he took nothing with him into eternity. Christians cannot carry any wealth or possessions with them when they die. However, they can be good stewards of what God gives (1 Corinthians 4:2) and serve the Master faithfully. As a result, they will find rewards waiting for them in heaven (Luke 6:22–231 Corinthians 9:24–252 Timothy 4:7–8Revelation 22:12).

Verse 18. For though, while he lives, he counts himself blessed— and though you get praise when you do well for yourself —

A rich man may consider himself blessed because he is wealthy and praised by others. That might be true—God can use material resources to encourage His people—but earthly wealth can never last beyond earthly life (Psalm 49:1016–17). Praise from other people is also not wrong when it’s truthful and godly (Proverbs 3:35Romans 13:7). Yet the praise of other people is ultimately temporary; only God’s approval can last for eternity.

It is important to build a life on a solid foundation, meaning the gospel recorded in the Word of God (1 Corinthians 3:10–154:6). Jesus told a story about two builders, one wise and the other foolish (Matthew 7:24–27). The wise man built his house on a solid, rocky foundation. This was a stable, reliable anchor for everything else the man constructed. The fool built on sand: something weak and vulnerable. The house with good foundations survived storms, while the one with bad foundations was lost. Perhaps the foolish man’s house looked prettier than the other, and received glowing comments, but it did not survive. Similarly, from all outward appearance a wicked rich man’s life may look successful and receive compliments, but it will not stand when death sweeps over it.

When death, the final storm, arrives, everything that rests on a flimsy foundation will come crashing down. However, life built on God’s Word will survive death, and usher the wise person into a blissful eternity with God.

Verse 19. his soul will go to the generation of his fathers,who will never again see light.

This passage has noted that wealth and prestige are not enough to save a person from death, let alone the judgment of God (Psalm 49:10). When another rich person rises, seeming to defy God, it helps to remember they are no more invincible than those who came before (Psalm 49:16–17). Just like the wicked rich man’s predecessors, who died, so will he.

When a person dies without God’s truth, he will never see light again. His soul will live on, but in a dreadful place. He will spend eternity in hell, where he will suffer and be in torment. Jesus described hell as a place of outer darkness, where there will be weeping and gnashing of teeth (Matthew 8:12). Because a person rejects Jesus, the Light of the World, he lives under divine judgment (John 3:16–1836). But when a follower of the Light of the World dies, he enters the presence of the Light of the World (2 Corinthians 5:8) and dwells forever in the dazzling glory of heaven. Revelation 22:5 declares that the future home of the redeemed will never experience night. “They will need no light of lamp or sun, for the Lord God will be their light, and they will reign forever and ever.”

Verse 20. Man in his pomp yet without understanding is like the beasts that perish.

Scripture reminds the reader that those who reject God and rely on money lack understanding. No different than for the lowliest animal, they will eventually die. Solomon writes: “For what happens to the children of man and what happens to the beasts is the same; as one dies, so dies the other. They all have the same breath, and man has no advantage over the beasts, for all is vanity” (Ecclesiastes 3:19).

This is true of the human body, but beyond death every person faces divine judgment (Hebrews 9:27). The unsaved person receives eternal punishment (John 3:36), but the saved person experiences forgiveness (John 3:16–18) and an evaluation of the works he performed as a Christian. The unsaved person receives retribution; the saved person receives rewards for faithfulness (Romans 14:121 Corinthians 3:10–152 Corinthians 5:9–10). The unsaved person should fear death, but the saved person should think of death as the gateway to the presence of his Lord and Savior (Philippians 1:20–21).

End of Psalm 49

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