Down to Earth But Heavenly Minded

What does Psalms Chapter 33 mean?

The psalm opens with a call on the collected worshippers of Israel. The psalmist, likely David, appeals for joyful praise of God. The opening verses refer to “a new song,” which carries more than one meaning. In a literal sense, “new songs” are expressions of each generation’s personal experience of God’s goodness. Creating original songs to honor God is a way of praising and worshipping Him. The “new song” also implies a refreshed, ever-present sense of the Lord. David includes references to musical instruments in this call for praise (Psalm 33:1–3).

For most of the psalm, the psalmist extols God’s justice, creative power, omnipotent sovereignty, and omniscient love for His people. God’s power is demonstrated in His creative speech: by simply expressing His desire, He can form something from nothing. No earthly power can thwart God’s will. As much as any country or culture tries to overthrow God, He cannot be defeated. Those who rely on worldly power are doomed to failure, while reliance on God is the path to eternal salvation (Psalm 33:4–19).

The end of this song is a collective shout of praise. To “wait” on the Lord implies a patient, attentive interest in His will. That requires trust, which is the essence of biblical faith. The people led by the psalmist sing their intent to rely on God and to eagerly expect His powerful work in their lives (Psalm 33:20–22).

Chapter Context
The Septuagint, the Greek translation of the Old Testament, attributes this psalm to David. It is a psalm that encourages worshipers to praise the Lord. It may have been written after Israel experienced a victory over an enemy. Because the verbs in this psalm are plural, it features the worship leader’s call to worship and the worshipers’ response.

Verse by Verse

Verse 1. Shout for joy in the Lord, O you righteous!Praise befits the upright.

The psalmist, likely David, is worshiping, and he calls upon his fellow believers to shout in joyful praise to the Lord. He exclaims that praise is appropriate—God is certainly worthy of approval. In a biblical context, only righteous people can possess true joy. This does not require moral perfection. Rather, it means a person who diligently seeks God’s will and doesn’t openly defy Him (Matthew 6:33). Hearts out of tune with the Lord cannot sing beautiful praise to Him or offer suitable praise.

In his life, David experienced many victories over his enemies. He had deep, personal reasons to call on the congregation to shout for joy. Even for faithful believers, life can be hard (John 16:33). The Lord’s people may not see anything to be joyful about in their surrounding circumstances. And yet, there are many reasons to be joyful despite those hardships, because they are God’s people (Romans 8:18). In his letter to the Philippians, Paul wrote about joy in the Lord, often noting that he rejoices (Philippians 1:18; 2:17–18). He encourages the Philippian believers to rejoice in the Lord and repeats this appeal (Philippians 4:4).

Context Summary
Psalm 33:1–3 calls upon the Lord’s righteous people to delight in Him. They should praise God and be thankful to Him. The psalmist calls God’s worshippers to use music and singing. Their praise should come so naturally that it is spontaneous.

Verse 2. Give thanks to the Lord with the lyre;make melody to him with the harp of ten strings!

Music has always been an integral part of worshipping God. Here, the psalmist, likely David, calls upon musicians to join in the congregation’s giving of thanks to the Lord. David had organized the sons of Asaph to offer music in the worship of the Lord in the sanctuary. The music David calls for here is to be melodic. That included the use of instruments. Musical talent is among the God-given gifts which should be dedicated to the Lord.

First Chronicles notes that “David and the chiefs of the service also set apart for the service the sons of Asaph, and of Heman, and of Jeduthun, who prophesied with lyres, with harps, and with cymbals” (1 Chronicles 25:1). Cymbals, then as now, were metal disks of assorted sizes usually played by striking pairs against each other.

A lyre’s strings were made from animal intestines dried and stretched, then mounted to a U-shaped frame. The strings spanned an open space between the base of the “U” and a cross bar between the arms. Modern persons would probably refer to a biblical lyre as a “small harp;” modern harps are much larger and have a relatively small body. The instrument David mentions here seems to be one of his favorites. David was well-acquainted with this type of lyre. First Samuel 16:23 reports that he played it to restore Saul’s troubled spirit.

The biblical “harp” was often referred to as a psaltery. It had more and longer strings than the lyre, was narrower, and did not have the same open space.

Verse 3. Sing to him a new song;play skillfully on the strings, with loud shouts.

As part of his call for God’s people to join in worship, David calls upon the assembled people to offer “a new song” to the Lord. This is a somewhat literal expression: the constant influence of God in the lives of His people, and our personal experience of Him, should inspire a constant flow of creative worship. Old songs are still good—they are not inferior—and new songs are not good simply because they are new. But a people who love the Lord will naturally express their worship in fresh ways.

The “new” in references to “a new song” (Psalm 96:1; 149:1; Isaiah 42:10; Revelation 5:9) may refer to new in time or new in expression. New awareness of the Lord’s character or blessings can lead to a new song. In Psalm 40:3 David writes, “He put a new song in my mouth, a song of praise to our God.” The apostle Paul exhorted the Colossian believers: “Let the word of Christ dwell in you richly, teaching and admonishing one another in all wisdom, singing psalms and hymns and spiritual songs, with thankfulness in your hearts to God” (Colossians 3:16). The better we know God’s Word, the better we understand His character, will, and blessings, and the greater will be our thanks and ability to edify one another.

Verse 4. For the word of the Lord is upright,and all his work is done in faithfulness.

The first two of several reasons for praising the Lord with joy appear in this verse. First, God’s Word is true. When Jesus prayed to the Father in His High Priestly Prayer, He asked that believers be sanctified in the truth, adding, “your word is truth” (John 17:17). In his letter to Titus, Paul affirms that God is incapable of lying. He states categorically that God never lies (Titus 1:2). Psalm 119:142 declares that the Lord’s law is true, and verse 160 affirms, “The sum of your word is truth.”

According to this verse, everything God does is dependable. All the Lord’s works are performed in faithfulness. Whatever the Lord does exhibits His unfailing care. This description comes from a Hebrew word which also refers to “trustworthiness” or “honesty.” The Lord God makes no mistakes. We may trust Him, therefore, to orchestrate all the events in our lives for our good and His glory (Romans 8:28–30).

Context Summary
Psalm 33:4–19 records David’s reasons to praise the Lord. They include praise for God’s Word, His creative power, His sovereignty over the nations, His all-seeing vision, His faithful works, and His deliverance of His people.

Verse 5. He loves righteousness and justice;the earth is full of the steadfast love of the Lord.

This verse supplies additional reasons to praise the Lord joyfully with a new song (Psalm 33:1–4). Unlike imaginary pagan gods, the Lord is not fickle or malicious. He acts according to His perfect, unchanging nature, which means He approves of that which is correct and fitting. As the righteous judge, He never condones or excuses sin. He can forgive sin, but He does not excuse it. Nor does He render a false verdict. He is not only righteous and just but also replete in steadfast love. Believers may be certain that His love never weakens or retreats. It is unconditional. His love is universal. David writes that “the earth is full of the steadfast love of the LORD.” Creation affirms the Lord’s love. He has provided everything human beings need to live abundantly (Psalm 16:11; John 10:10).

In Psalm 145:17 David proclaims: “The LORD is righteous in all his ways and kind in all his works.” The apostle Paul also affirms the Lord’s righteousness. In 2 Timothy 4:8 he refers to the Lord as “the righteous judge.”

Verse 6. By the word of the Lord the heavens were made,and by the breath of his mouth all their host.

Believers ought to praise the Lord joyfully because He is all-powerful and all-knowing: omnipotent and omniscient. This verse tells us He simply spoke and the heavens came into existence (Genesis 1:1–8; Psalm 33:9). Using similar imagery, David depicts God’s breath creating everything which is seen in the heavens. This includes all the stars and planets (Genesis 1:14–19).

Hebrews 11:3 states, “By faith we understand that the universe was created by the word of God, so that what is seen was not made out of things that are visible.” The breath of God’s mouth may refer to the Holy Spirit because the words “breath” and “spirit” translate the same Hebrew root word: ruwach.

In Psalm 8:1 David describes the Lord’s name as majestic in all the earth. He reflects on the awe he feels when he looks at the Lord’s handiwork revealed in the heavens. He marvels at the moon and the stars that the Lord has set in place (Psalm 8:3).

Verse 7. He gathers the waters of the sea as a heap;he puts the deeps in storehouses.

Genesis 1:6–7 reports: “And God said, ‘Let there be an expanse in the midst of the waters, and let it separate the waters from the waters.’ And God made the expanse and separated the waters that were under the expanse from the waters that were above the expanse. And it was so.” Later, “God said, ‘Let the waters under the heavens be gathered together into one place, and let the dry land appear.’ And it was so. God called the dry land Earth, and the waters that were gathered together he called Seas. And God saw that it was good” (Genesis 1:9–10). Once again, God’s creative activity is linked to His speaking a word.

In creating the seas and oceans, God fixed boundaries for them (Job 38:8–11); otherwise, they would have covered the whole earth. He also created the seabed and underground caverns to contain the waters. When God sent the Noahic flood, “all the fountains of the great deep burst forth” (Genesis 7:11). This phenomenal event occurred because God, who created the seas and oceans, was fully in charge of them, proving He is all-powerful and deserving of praise.

Verse 8. Let all the earth fear the Lord;let all the inhabitants of the world stand in awe of him!

Because God is righteous, just, loving, and all-powerful, all the inhabitants of earth should stand in awe of Him. “Fear” of God is not tied to panic or terror, though those who hate and despise God have good reasons to dread His judgment (Hebrews 10:30–31; Revelation 20:11–15). Those who love God “fear” Him in a context of reverence, awe, and humility. This perspective is the foundation of proper knowledge of the Lord (Proverbs 1:7; 3:1–8).

Psalm 95 parallels Psalm 33‘s call for joyful praise and reverence; both evoke God’s greatness and creative power. Verse 1 summons worshipers to sing with joy to the Lord (Psalm 95:1). Verse 3 describes “a great God, and a great King above all gods” (Psalm 95:3). Verse 5 echoes Psalm 33:7 by affirming, “The sea is his, for he made it” (Psalm 95:5).

Although many psalms and other Scriptures call for reverent worship of God, many refuse to acknowledge Him as the only wise and loving God (Jeremiah 35:15; Romans 1:18–32). Numerous people even deny the existence of the One who created all things, including themselves (Psalm 14:1). Even those who claim to believe in God often defy His will in their lives (Titus 1:16). However, someday every knee must bow before Jesus, the Son of God, and confess that He is Lord, to the glory of God the Father (Philippians 2:10–11).

For he spoke, and it came to be;he commanded, and it stood firm.

Once again, David refers to the Lord’s creative speaking as the means by which everything was created (John 1:3). Theologians refer to God’s creative work as ex nihilo, meaning out of nothing. He did not rely on the prior existence of some energy or material to create the heavens and the earth. The Lord “spoke” and everything came into existence. In the biblical context, this does not require literal words: audible syllables in some language. The power of God’s “speech” is not a magic incantation, but the pure expression of His will. When God willed light to exist, light came to be (Genesis 1:3). The same is true of His other creative works (Genesis 1:6, 9, 11, 14).

Hebrews 11:3 states: “By faith we understand that the universe was created by the word of God, so that what is seen was not made out of things that are visible.” Genesis 1:1 states: “In the beginning, God created the heavens and the earth.” When God created all things, He established laws in nature that continue today. For example, the law of gravity operated in Old Testament times and continues today. If someone tries to ignore the law of gravity by jumping from a tall building, he will discover that the law applies, whether or not they approve. This is true of anything God chooses to enforce (Psalm 33:10; Job 42:2).

Verse 10. The Lord brings the counsel of the nations to nothing;he frustrates the plans of the peoples.

God deserves joyful praise (Psalm 33:1–9) because He is sovereign: in complete and utter control. The plots of humanity’s most powerful civilizations are no match for Him. Isaiah 40:15 declares: “Behold, the nations are like a drop from a bucket, and are accounted as the dust on the scales.” Psalm 2:1–3 depicts countries rebelling against the Lord and His anointed Messiah. However, all the military and economic might of earthly cultures cannot topple God from His throne. He views their rebellion as laughable (Psalm 2:4). He will defeat their attempts and respond with wrath and judgment (Psalm 2:5). Revelation 19 describes this end-times international revolt and the Lord’s decisive judgment. Verse 15 indicates that Jesus Christ will return to earth and “tread the winepress of the fury of the wrath of God the Almighty” (Revelation 19:15).

God sometimes allows humanity to make choices contrary to His commands (Genesis 3; Deuteronomy 30:19; Matthew 19:8). Yet nothing happens in defiance of His permission. Nothing in creation can overpower Him or defeat His plans (Job 42:2; Isaiah 14:27; Isaiah 46:9–10).

Verse 11. The counsel of the Lord stands forever,the plans of his heart to all generations.

What God purposes to do, He will do, without any possibility of failure. He chose Israel as His special people (Deuteronomy 7:6) and promised to make them a great nation (Genesis 12:1–2; 22:15–19). Antagonistic people and nations throughout the centuries have tried to annihilate the Jewish people. Yet, the Jews are still alive and living in part of the Promised Land as a nation. Even the captivity of Judah by Babylon did not overturn God’s plan for Israel. He promised in Jeremiah 29:10 that after seventy years He would bring His people out of Babylon and restore them in their own land. He said His plans for them were for welfare and not for evil, to give them a future and a hope (Jeremiah 29:11).

God’s long-term plan for Israel is to restore her fortunes and gather her from all the nations and all the places into which they have been scattered (Jeremiah 29:14; Amos 9:11–15; Zechariah 13:1; 14:1–16; Romans 11:25–27). This was at least partially fulfilled in 1948, when the long-exiled Jewish people established the modern nation of Israel. Complete fulfillment of these prophecies awaits the end times.

Verse 12. Blessed is the nation whose God is the Lord,the people whom he has chosen as his heritage!

This verse holds a great promise for the nation that honors God as its God (Proverbs 14:34). David rejoiced that Israel’s God was the true God. He refers to Israel as “blessed,” meaning “spiritually prosperous” or “happy.” In Deuteronomy 4:20 we learn that the Lord chose Israel. Addressing Israel, Moses announces: “But the LORD has taken you and brought you out of the iron furnace, out of Egypt, to be a people of his own inheritance, as you are this day.”

Whether the literal nation of Israel, or those who come to faith in Christ, the people of God have no reason to boast about their special relationship to God. The relationship is not rooted in human merit but in divine mercy. Today, Christians are God’s people by grace. Ephesians 2:8–9 makes it clear that salvation is entirely a work of divine grace, not of works, so no one can boast. Reflecting on Christians’ relationship to God, the apostle John writes: “See what kind of love the Father has given to us, that we should be called children of God; and so we are” (1 John 3:1).

Verse 13. The Lord looks down from heaven;he sees all the children of man;

God is omniscient: all-knowing, perceiving and understanding everything in all of creation. He is unlike the disinterested, disconnected deity some unbelievers perceive. He did not create the world and then absent Himself from it, allowing it to run down by itself. He is vitally involved in creation.

Hebrews 4:13 teaches: “And no creature is hidden from his sight, but all are naked and exposed to the eyes of him to whom we must give account.” Near the well called Beer-lahai-roi, after the angel of the Lord appeared to Hagar, she called the name of the Lord, “You are a God of seeing” (Genesis 16:13). In Psalm 139 David testifies that he is unable to go anywhere without the Lord’s knowledge. Jesus, the Son of God, also possesses omniscience, which He exercised in compliance with the Father’s will. In a notable example, He saw Nathanael under a fig tree before Nathanael approached Him (John 1:48).

Verse 14. from where he sits enthroned he looks outon all the inhabitants of the earth,

During times of upheaval, distress, and calamity, individuals may ask, “Where is God?” This psalm answers the question by affirming that the Lord is on His throne, entirely aware of everything happening in all of creation. That the Lord is seated on His throne should reassure His people. He is fully in control of every situation. The word “looks” in this verse means to gaze intently. This is not a passive activity where God simply “notices” things—He is actively observing and invested in what He sees.

Christians should be encouraged to know the Lord watches what is happening to them. The apostle Peter, writing to persecuted and scattered Hebrew Christians, writes, “For the eyes of the Lord are on the righteous, and his ears are open to their prayer” (1 Peter 3:12; Psalm 34:15). First Peter 5:7 adds further encouragement by assuring us that God not only sees His children, but He also cares for them.

Verse 15. he who fashions the hearts of them alland observes all their deeds.

The Lord sees not only everyone’s outward acts, but also the thoughts and intentions of everyone’s heart (Hebrews 4:12–13). Luke 9:46–47 informs us that when the disciples were arguing about who was the greatest, Jesus knew the reasoning of their hearts. As the creator of human beings, the Lord knows what lies in our deepest thoughts and motivations.

Jeremiah 17:9–10 reveals: “The heart is deceitful above all things, and desperately sick; who can understand it? ‘I the LORD search the heart and test the mind, to give every man according to his ways, according to the fruit of his deeds.’” Fortunately, the Lord can perform spiritual heart surgery and heal the heart (Psalm 51:10). Acts 16:14 reports that the Lord opened the heart of a woman named Lydia to pay attention to the gospel Paul preached. She became a believer and an ardent follower of Christ. Second Chronicles 16:9 tells us, “For the eyes of the LORD run to and fro throughout the whole earth, to give strong support to those whose heart is blameless toward him.”

Verse 16. The king is not saved by his great army;a warrior is not delivered by his great strength.

Although David had a strong army, he realized that earthly power does not guarantee victory. He applied the same awareness to individuals. A strong warrior cannot put absolute, infallible trust in his abilities. Goliath was an intimidating Philistine warrior, yet all his might could not prevail against young David, whose trust was in the Lord (1 Samuel 17:45–51). Believers can be certain they are on the side of victory with the Lord as their champion.

Gideon relied on the Lord for victory over the massive army from Midian. He was left with only three hundred men (Judges 7:5–7) against the Midianites who greatly outnumbered them (Judges 7:12). When Gideon and his men blew their trumpets and broke their jars with torches in them, they cried out, “A sword for the LORD and for Gideon!” (Judges 7:20). The Midian army panicked, fought among its ranks, and fled.

Trusting in the Lord and knowing He was present, Elisha chose not to be afraid of Syrian horses and chariots, or the huge army surrounding Dothan, where he was staying. Because his servant feared, Elisha asked the Lord to open his eyes so he would see. When the servant opened his eyes, he saw the mountain was full of horses and chariots of fire all around Elisha. Then, answering Elisha’s second prayer, the Lord struck the Syrians with blindness (2 Kings 6:11–18).

Verse 17. The war horse is a false hope for salvation,and by its great might it cannot rescue.

Israel needed to understand that it is futile to rely on a war horse for deliverance in battle. No earthly object or advantage is enough, by itself, to guarantee victory. Ultimately, victory belongs to the Lord God.

In the era of the Exodus, Egyptian cavalry was extremely powerful (Exodus 12:37–39; 14:5–9). The Hebrews were just-liberated slaves ill-equipped for battle. Nevertheless, that difference in strength was not what mattered. War horses and well-built chariots were not enough to defeat the power of God. When the final encounter was over, the Egyptian cavalry was dead and the Hebrews were unhurt. What made the difference? Exodus 14:24 explains how God terrified the pursuing Egyptian cavalry, terrifying them as they tried to chase Israel across the Red Sea (Exodus 14:21–23). Before long, the potent Egyptian army was drowned in the Red Sea (Exodus 14:26–28).

Verse 18. Behold, the eye of the Lord is on those who fear him,on those who hope in his steadfast love,

This verse affirms that those who have a reverent, submissive “fear” of God (Proverbs 1:7) are kept under His sovereign control. God’s care is described using the Hebrew term hesed, sometimes translated as “lovingkindness” or “steadfast love.” In this context, the fact that God’s eye is on His people means more than simple awareness. This statement implies that He safeguards those who love Him (John 10:11). This concept is often misunderstood but is a crucial aspect of God’s nature.

The Lord keeps watch over those who love and submit to Him (Romans 8:18, 37–39). Those who hope in His unfailing love are guaranteed victory in eternity (John 3:36). Jesus taught that believers have no reason to panic, because the Father knows all their needs and promises to meet them (Matthew 6:31–33). This does not mean life is always easy, or without tragedy, for those who love God (John 16:33). Yet nothing escapes God’s eyes. He sees everything that occurs in His child’s life, and He cares (Psalm 56:8; Hebrews 4:14–16; 1 Peter 5:7). First Corinthians 10:13 promises: “No temptation has overtaken you that is not common to man. God is faithful, and he will not let you be tempted beyond your ability, but with the temptation he will also provide the way of escape, that you may be able to endure it.” When a believer experiences a trial, he can understand that His heavenly Father is simply testing his faith and preparing him for the crown of life (James 1:2–4, 12; 1 Peter 1:3–9).

Verse 19. that he may deliver their soul from deathand keep them alive in famine.

This is one of many promises that God will protect His people. These are often misunderstood as absolute guarantees of worldly health, success, and prosperity. This is not the case; earthly suffering and hardship can happen to anyone, even the most faithful believers (John 16:33; Psalm 119:157). Yet God promises to keep His people through those experiences (Romans 8:37–39) and to use them for their eternal benefit (Romans 8:18, 28–30). Those who properly fear God (Psalm 33:18; Proverbs 1:7) enter a saving relationship with Christ (John 3:16–18) and are given eternal life for their soul (John 3:36).

Of course, every person will die physically, but often the Lord intervenes to keep a believer alive. He did so in the case of Noah and his family. When everyone else drowned in the flood, Noah and his family survived aboard the ark (Genesis 8:13–19). When Daniel’s three friends were tossed into a white-hot furnace, they did not die. The fire simply burned off their ropes (Daniel 3:20, 27). When Daniel was consigned to a den of hungry lions, he survived because the Lord shut the lions’ mouths (Daniel 6:22). The Bible also reports that the Lord kept His people alive during disasters. He raised Joseph to prominence in Egypt to supply God’s chosen people with food in a devastating worldwide famine (Genesis 45:6–11).

Verse 20. Our soul waits for the Lord;he is our help and our shield.

One of the ways we demonstrate faith in God is by “waiting on” Him. Those who can truthfully speak the words of this verse have learned several good reasons to wait on the Lord. They know He is faithful and will not disappoint them. Their hope in Him is firm. They trust God as their advocate and ultimate defense. Hebrews 4:16 directs believers to approach God with confidence, knowing He offers us patient mercy. Likewise, God is a protector to those who trust Him. Even if earthly struggles are overwhelming, nothing can eternally defeat those whose shield is the Lord (John 16:33)!

God’s schedule does not always match ours. We prefer immediate answers to prayer, but the Lord is never in a rush. He is not obligated to respond immediately, but He has promised He will answer, “in time of need” (Hebrews 4:16). Literally “waiting” for the Lord to send us an answer teaches us to depend on Him, as well as grows our patience and trust.

Context Summary
Psalm 33:20–22 completes David’s song with an expression of faith in the Lord. The congregation and choir, having recounted the many reasons to praise the Lord, confess their peace, hope, and trust in God. They ask Him to place His steadfast love upon them.

Verse 21. For our heart is glad in him,because we trust in his holy name.

Since the people of the congregation (Psalm 33:1–3) trust God for guidance and protection (Psalm 33:18–20), they can truly rejoice. Their hearts are glad in Him. Psalm 33 began an appeal for believers to shout for joy in the Lord. It ends with worshipers rejoicing in Him.

Worship should include heartfelt joy. Proper reflection on the Lord’s character and deeds increases the believer’s joy. Most often, happiness occurs because of happy circumstances. No one is expected to be “happy” when they are persecuted or suffering. But even then, a believer can experience “joy.” In a biblical context, joy stems from knowing the Lord is loving, faithful, and gracious. Our joy is linked to our trust in God, specifically our trust in His “name,” referring to who He is in character and actions. Even trials cannot erase joy in the Lord.

In his letter to the Philippians the apostle Paul alludes often to his rejoicing in the Lord. Although he was chained to prison guards around the clock, he was more intricately linked to the Lord by faith. He found may reasons to be joyful despite his circumstances (Philippians 1:7, 12–18; 2:17–18; 3:1; 4:4–8). Jesus promised His disciples, “Until now you have asked nothing in my name. Ask, and you will receive, that your joy may be full” (John 16:24).

Verse 22. Let your steadfast love, O Lord, be upon us,even as we hope in you.

The concluding verse of Psalm 33 is a prayer in which the worshipers ask God to continue showing His consistent lovingkindness to them. Genuine worship may make a worshipper feel good, but most important is what it accomplishes in his heart. It produces faith, hope, and love. The worshipers in this psalm ask the Lord to set His unfailing love upon them, but New Testament believers receive His love in them. Romans 5:5 reveals that “God’s love has been poured into our hearts through the Holy Spirit who has been given to us.” God’s love poured into us should pour through us to others (see Luke 10:25–28; 1 John 3:23).

The psalm fittingly ends with the affirmation of faith (Psalm 33:20), hope, and love (Psalm 33:22). Paul writes: “So now faith, hope, and love abide, these three; but the greatest of these is love” (1 Corinthians 13:13).

End of Psalm 33

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