Down to Earth But Heavenly Minded

What does Revelation Chapter 7 mean?

The scene described in this passage seems to occur between the opening of the sixth and seventh seals, seen on the scroll John observed in chapter 5.

The first vision includes angels being commanded to hold back the winds at every point on earth. Symbolically, this refers to God suspending His judgment on the earth. Scriptures such as Jeremiah 49:36 describe the judgment of God by referring to wind. The purpose of this delay, it seems, is to allow for a “sealing” of 144,000 servants of God. As seen later (Revelation 13:15–18), the “mark of the beast” stands in stark contrast to the sealing seen in this chapter (Revelation 7:1–3).

These 144,000 are specifically named by their respective tribes of Israel. Twelve thousand from each tribe are indicated. Jacob had twelve sons from whom the twelve tribes of Israel originated. In the Promised Land, each of the tribes received an inheritance except for the tribe of Levi, whose inheritance was the Lord. Joseph’s tribe was split into two, one for each of his sons (Manasseh and Ephraim), and each received an inheritance. In the list of those sealed in Revelation, the tribe of Levi is listed. The tribe of Manasseh and that of Joseph (which is what the tribe of Ephraim was also referred to) are also listed. The tribe of Dan is excluded. Theories about this absence are varied. Some suggest that the false prophet of Revelation may be from the tribe of Dan. Others see Dan’s role in leading Israel into idolatry as a cause for being left out of the 144,000 (Judges 18:30–31). While the tribe might not be blessed through inclusion in this particular seal, other prophetic books indicate members of the tribe of Dan will be saved and receive land in the millennial kingdom (Ezekiel 48:2). Though mankind has lost track of which people are members of which tribes, God has no such memory loss (Revelation 7:4–8).

John’s next vision is of a staggering number of people, from every race, ethnicity and language, dressed in white and shouting out praise to God. This is a poignant reminder of God’s love for all people, and the essential unity of mankind. Despite efforts to divide humanity based on appearance or heritage, Scripture is clear that all people, of all tribes and languages, will be represented in God’s eternal plan of salvation. An unnamed elder defines these white-robed saints as those who have come out of the great tribulation—the second half of the seven-year period which closes out history prior to the millennial kingdom (Revelation 7:9–17).

After this interlude, John’s vision will continue with the opening of the seventh seal, introducing the next phase of God’s plan: the “trumpet” judgments.

Chapter Context
The last and largest section of Revelation began in chapter 4, where John is shown events yet to come (Revelation 1:19). Chapters 4 and 5 describe what John saw in heaven, including a scroll of God’s judgments. Chapter 6 focused on the events that transpire when Jesus opens six of the seven seals on that scroll, one at a time. Now, in chapter 7, an interlude occurs between the opening of the sixth seal and the seventh seal. In the interlude an angel seals 144,000 saved Jews as God’s servants. Chapter 8 will describe the seventh seal, and the beginning of the ”trumpet” judgments.

Verse by Verse

Verse 1. After this I saw four angels standing at the four corners of the earth, holding back the four winds of the earth, that no wind might blow on earth or sea or against any tree.

In this verse the apostle John reports that he saw four angels standing at the four corners of the earth. Just as it is used today, the phrase “four corners of the earth” is not meant to suggest the earth is literally square. It means the angels had taken up positions at the points of the compass. They stood at the north, south, east, and west. They exercised authority to hold back the four winds.

The four winds represent God’s judgment. In His pledge to destroy Elam—another name for Persia—God said, “I will bring upon Elam the four winds from the four quarters of heaven. And I will scatter them to all those winds, and there shall be no nation to which those driven out of Elam shall not come” (Jeremiah 49:36). Like John, Daniel also saw in a vision the four winds of heaven. He states in Daniel 7:2 that they were “stirring up the great sea,” which meant the Mediterranean Sea. During the four angels’ delay of judgment no wind would arise to shake a tree.

Context Summary
Revelation 7:1–4 contains another highly symbolic vision from John’s vision. Four angels stand at the extreme points of the earth. He sees another angel ascend from the rising sun and hears him command the four angels to withhold further judgments until he has sealed God’s servants on their foreheads. The number of those sealed by this angel is 144,000. This event comes as an interlude between the opening of the sixth and seventh seal judgments. God is preparing to send His servants into the known world to proclaim the gospel of the kingdom.

Verse 2. Then I saw another angel ascending from the rising of the sun, with the seal of the living God, and he called with a loud voice to the four angels who had been given power to harm earth and sea,

John testifies in this verse that he saw another angel ascend from the sunrise. He was holding the seal of the living God. He shouted loudly to the four angels positioned at the four points of the compass. The word translated “angel” may also be translated “messenger.” Both in Hebrew and in Greek, the original term literally means “a messenger.”

Ephesians 1:13–14 declares that the Holy Spirit seals believers until the day of redemption. Based on this, the Holy Spirit might be the messenger who holds the seal of the living God. John notes that the four angels had received power to inflict damage on the earth and the sea.

A “seal” signifies security, ownership, and authority. When Daniel was thrown into a den of lions, the king’s seal was placed on the stone at the entrance to the den to secure Daniel’s prison (Daniel 6:17). First Kings 21:8 informs us that Jezebel wrote letters in her husband Ahab’s name and sealed them with his seal, thereby giving them royal authority. Queen Esther used the king’s seal in her correspondence to the Jews to protect them from Haman (Esther 8:8). The stone that was supposed to secure Jesus’ tomb was sealed (Matthew 27:66).

Verse 3. saying, “Do not harm the earth or the sea or the trees, until we have sealed the servants of our God on their foreheads.”

In this verse we read that the ascending angel—or messenger—speaks to the four angels mentioned in the prior verse. Their role was to hold back the four winds, which is symbolic of God restraining His judgment. These four are told not to harm the earth—to delay further judgment—until God’s servants had been sealed on their foreheads. In John’s day, slaveowners sometimes marked their slaves, even on the forehead, to indicate ownership and protect them from kidnapping. In Ezekiel 9:3–4 Ezekiel wrote about a man with a writing case who was commanded to pass through Jerusalem and put a mark on the forehead of every person who lamented the abominations that were committed there.

The seal of God stands in contrast to those who will take such a “mark” from Satan in the end times, a concept seen later in Revelation. The servants of God will refuse this “mark of the beast.” Whether or not all saved believers in the tribulation will have this special “sealing” of God is not entirely clear, but it seems likely. The beast is the false prophet who exercises control over Israel as the willing accomplice to the head of the Revived Roman Empire, the region around the Mediterranean Sea (Revelation 13:1, 16–17). Instead of this ungodly emblem, believers will have the name of the Lamb and the Father’s name written on their foreheads (Revelation 14:1).

Verse 4. This verse reports that John heard the number of those who were sealed. It was 144,000, and all 144,000 were from the tribes of Israel. They comprise a remnant of Jews who become believers in the tribulation and proclaim the gospel of the kingdom throughout the world. The gospel of the kingdom is the good news that Jesus’ kingdom is imminent. The term gospel literally means “good news.” In this specific context, the “good news of the kingdom” differs from the gospel of God’s grace. They are intertwined, however, so all who believe the gospel of the kingdom and open their hearts to Jesus, the Messiah, will be saved by grace through faith.

John the Baptist preached the gospel of the kingdom, but proclaimed Jesus as the Lamb of God, who would take away their sins and qualify them for kingdom citizenship. John urged those who heard him preach to “repent, for the kingdom of heaven is at hand” (Matthew 3:2). Jesus told Nicodemus, a ruler of the Jews, that entrance into the kingdom is limited to those who are born again (John 3:3, 5). He also said emphatically, “I must preach the good news of the kingdom of God” (Luke 4:43). Once again, in the tribulation, the good news of the kingdom of God will be preached.

Verse 5. 12,000 from the tribe of Judah were sealed,12,000 from the tribe of Reuben,12,000 from the tribe of Gad,

From the tribe of Judah, 12,000 are sealed. Judah is mentioned first, perhaps because Jesus came from this tribe. When Jacob blessed his sons, he said of Judah: “Judah, your brothers shall praise you; your hand shall be on the neck of your enemies; your father’s sons shall bow down before you. Judah is a lion’s cub…The scepter shall not depart from Judah, nor the ruler’s staff from between his feet, until tribute comes to him; and to him shall be the obedience of the peoples” (Genesis 49:8–10). Jesus is identified in Revelation 5:5 as “the Lion of the tribe of Judah,” and “the root of David.” He prevailed to take the scroll from God’s right hand and to open the seals. At the end of the tribulation Jesus will devour His enemies like a lion and rule the nations from the throne of David. Isaiah 9:7 prophesies that Jesus, the virgin-born Messiah, will sit on the throne of David and govern with justice and righteousness.

From the tribe of Reuben, 12,000 are sealed. When Jacob blessed his son Reuben, he called him his firstborn, “preeminent in dignity and preeminent in power” (Genesis 49:3). However, Jacob also described Reuben as “unstable as water” and predicted that he would not have preeminence because he had defiled Jacob’s bed (Genesis 49:4). As the firstborn, Reuben was entitled to a double portion of his father’s inheritance and leadership, but he forfeited those privileges by committing adultery with Jacob’s concubine, Bilhah (Genesis 35:22). This sad event happened after Rachel died and was buried on the way to Ephrath.

When Joseph’s brothers lifted him out of the pit where they had thrown him, they sold him to certain Ishmaelites who took him to Egypt. Reuben was not present when the brothers sold Joseph, but when he returned and learned what they had done, he was remorseful. So, Reuben was unstable emotionally. Judges 5:15–16 alludes to the tribe of Reuben’s indecisiveness. But by God’s grace the tribe of Reuben will serve God effectively in the tribulation.

The tribe of Gad is also identified as receiving God’s seal. The number of those sealed is given as 12,000. Jacob predicted that Gad would be raided and in return would raid (Genesis 49:19). Gad was one of the tribes that settled east of the Jordan River, where raids were common. This tribe, the Reubenites, and the half tribe of Manasseh included 44,760 valiant warriors (1 Chronicles 5:18). In the tribulation period, the Gadites will triumph over persecution by faith in the Lord.

Context Summary
Revelation 7:5–8 lists the tribes to which the 144,000 saved Jews belong. They are the firstfruits of all the Jews who will believe on Jesus as their Messiah during the tribulation. Each tribe listed in this passage includes 12,000 sealed believers. Although some teach that ten of the tribes have been lost, they have not been lost to God. We may not know the identification of each tribe today, but God knows each tribe and who belongs to it. The tribe of Levi is listed, but Dan is missing. The absence of the tribe of Dan from the list may indicate that the false prophet of Revelation 13 comes from the tribe of Dan. The Danites were the first to plunge Israel into idolatry (Judges 18:30–31). Nevertheless, God extends grace to the tribe of Dan in the tribulation and saves some members of the tribe. Ezekiel 48:2 includes Dan in the distribution of land in the millennium.

Verse 6. 12,000 from the tribe of Asher,12,000 from the tribe of Naphtali,12,000 from the tribe of Manasseh,

The tribe of Asher is named as having 12,000 of its members sealed. Asher means “happy” or “blessed.” In blessing his twelve sons, Jacob said of Asher, “Asher’s food shall be rich, and he shall yield royal delicacies” (Genesis 49:20). The tribe of Asher settled along the fertile northern coast of Canaan when Israel settled into the Promised Land. In the tribulation, as members of the 144,000 sealed Jewish evangelists, Asher will be spiritually fruitful, bringing others to faith in Jesus.

The tribe of Naphtali is named as having 12,000 sealed. Jacob said of Naphtali, “Naphtali is a doe let loose that bears beautiful fawns” (Genesis 49:21). Like a doe, Naphtali would dwell in the mountains northwest of the Sea of Galilee. Deborah, a female judge and deliverer, sang about the people of Naphtali as risking their lives to the death on the heights of the field (Judges 5:18). They will also be willing to risk their lives in the tribulation as they endeavor to win people to Christ.

Manasseh is mentioned as having 12,000 of its members sealed. Manasseh was the elder of Joseph’s two sons. Manasseh’s descendants Gideon and Jephthah were victorious in battle. The tribe of Manasseh will overcome persecution in the tribulation and emerge victorious.

The tribe of Ephraim, Joseph’s other son, is not listed in the 144,000; it instead appears to be synonymous with the tribe of Joseph (Numbers 1:32–33). Descendants of Ephraim, such as Joshua, Deborah, and Samuel experienced victory over Israel’s enemies.

Verse 7. 12,000 from the tribe of Simeon,12,000 from the tribe of Levi,12,000 from the tribe of Issachar,

The tribes of Simeon, Levi, and Issachar are named in this verse as being sealed, 12,000 from each tribe. Both Simeon and Levi were violent men. In an act of rage, they slaughtered all the men of Shechem because the prince of the land, Shechem, had seized and raped their sister Dinah (Genesis 34). Their father Jacob rebuked them, but Simeon and Levi defended their actions (Genesis 34). When dying, Jacob referred to their violence. He recalled that in their anger they had killed men and hamstrung oxen. He cursed their anger and their wrath. He prophesied that they would be divided and scattered (Genesis 49:5–7). However, God extended His grace to both tribes. Levi became the priestly tribe, and both tribes appear as God’s servants in Revelation 7.

According to Jacob, Issachar would occupy a pleasant land but would become “a servant at forced labor” (Genesis 49:14–15). When Israel settled in the Promised Land, Issachar took possession of the pleasant plain of Esdraelon but became vassals of invading armies. During the tribulation, they will be willing servants of the Lord.

Verse 8. 12,000 from the tribe of Zebulun,12,000 from the tribe of Joseph,12,000 from the tribe of Benjamin were sealed.

This verse names the final three tribes that were sealed: the tribe of Zebulun, the tribe of Joseph, and the tribe of Benjamin. According to Jacob, Zebulun would profit from maritime trade (Genesis 49:13). Perhaps in the tribulation Zebulon will exert its influence along the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea.

Joseph is listed as a tribe, and so is his son Manasseh, but Joseph’s other son Ephraim is omitted. In dividing the Promised Land, the tribe of Joseph was split into the tribe of Manasseh and the tribe of Ephraim. It seems the tribe of Ephraim became synonymous with that of Joseph (Numbers 1:32–33). When Jacob blessed his sons, he called Joseph “a fruitful bough” (Genesis 49:22). Perhaps he picked up this term from the fact that Joseph’s son’s name, Ephraim, means fruitful. Jacob lavished praise on Joseph and spoke of God’s protection and blessing of Joseph. Joseph’s survival at the hands of his envious brothers and his elevation from prison to Egypt’s throne shows how perfectly God protected and blessed him (Genesis 37—50). God will protect and bless the tribe of Joseph in the tribulation, as well.

Jacob described Benjamin as “a ravenous wolf” (Genesis 49:27). The men of Benjamin were successful warriors but they were cruel. Saul, Israel’s first king, was a Benjamite who tried repeatedly to kill David of the tribe of Judah. In the tribulation both tribes will serve God together as His evangelists.

Verse 9. After this I looked, and behold, a great multitude that no one could number, from every nation, from all tribes and peoples and languages, standing before the throne and before the Lamb, clothed in white robes, with palm branches in their hands,

This verse fast forwards to the end of the tribulation. The 144,000 have faithfully evangelized the world and an innumerable number of Jews and Gentiles have trusted in Jesus. They represent every nation, tribe, people group, and language. This is a potent, poignant reminder that all people are precious to God, and no race, ethnicity, or background is exempt from His love (Galatians 3:28). The message of the gospel is inherently opposed to racism or ethnic hatred (1 John 4:20).

It is not clear whether this multitude is in heaven or on earth. Those who believe the multitude are in heaven note the reference to God’s throne in heaven and the Lamb’s presence there (Revelation 5:6). Also, John saw angels, the elders, and the four living creatures around the throne (Revelation 7:11).

Others believe the scene takes place on earth. The temple (Revelation 7:15), they say, refers to the temple that will stand in the millennium. Ezekiel prophesied about the millennial temple in Ezekiel 40—44. Wearing white robes and waving palm branches, it is clear the multitude is anticipating the restored Feast of Booths, also called the Feast of Tabernacles, in Jesus’ earthly kingdom. The Feast of Booths was celebrated annually by the Jews. For a week they lived in booths to commemorate their temporary dwelling in the desert as they journeyed to their permanent destination in the Promised Land. The Feast also celebrated the autumn harvest. Zechariah 14:16 prophesies that the Feast of Tabernacles will be celebrated during the millennium.

Context Summary
Revelation 7:9–17describes an innumerable multitude standing before the throne and the Lamb. They ascribe glory to God and the Lamb, affirming that salvation belongs to God and the Lamb. This sets off a crescendo of praise from all the angels, the elders, and the four living creatures, all of whom prostrate themselves before the throne and worship God. John is not able to identify the multitude or indicate where they came from, but an elder identifies them as saved survivors of the great tribulation, Further, he explains they are now safe in God’s presence, and will never again hunger or thirst or be scorched by the sun. The Lamb, the elder says, will be their shepherd, and God will wipe away every tear from their eyes.

Verse 10. and crying out with a loud voice, “Salvation belongs to our God who sits on the throne, and to the Lamb!”

This verse focuses on the praise delivered by the multitude described in the previous verse. These believers have learned that only God, through His Son Jesus, can forgive sins and grant eternal life. Their acknowledgement that salvation is completely God’s work apart from human efforts is similar to the praise Jonah offered just before God ordered the great fish to spit him out on land. Jonah cried out from the fish’s belly, “Salvation belongs to the LORD!” (Jonah 2:9).

To provide for our salvation, God gave His Son Jesus, the Lamb, as our perfect substitute. Jesus took our penalty on the cross and freed us from sin’s penalty and power. Romans 5:6 states: “While we were still weak, at the right time Christ died for the ungodly.” It is significant that the multitude cried out to “God who sits on the throne” (Revelation 7:10), because God is a sovereign ruler. He could have chosen to let the multitude perish, but by an act of His will He chose to save those who believed on the Lamb and to rescue them from their persecutors.

Verse 11. And all the angels were standing around the throne and around the elders and the four living creatures, and they fell on their faces before the throne and worshiped God,

This verse paints a picture of universal worship in heaven. In response to the multitude’s declaration that salvation belongs to our sovereign God and the Lamb, all the angels around God’s throne and around the elders and the four living creatures (Revelation 4:3–6; 5:9–10) prostrate themselves before God’s throne and worship Him. An acknowledgement that God and the Lamb provide salvation to all who believe prompted this group in heaven to worship God.

Worship is the correct response to God’s sovereignty and saving grace. When God led the wise men to the place where Jesus was, they fell down and worshiped Him (Matthew 2:11). When Jesus healed a blind man, the man believed on Jesus and worshiped Him (John 9:38). Psalm 95:6 says: “Oh come, let us worship and bow down; let us kneel before the LORD, our Maker!” Psalm 99:5 commands: “Exalt the LORD our God; worship at his footstool! Holy is he!”

Verse 12. saying, “Amen! Blessing and glory and wisdom and thanksgiving and honor and power and might be to our God forever and ever! Amen.”

This verse tells us what the members of the heavenly throng said as they worshiped God. They said “Amen!” and ascribed to God “Blessing and glory and wisdom and thanksgiving and honor and might … forever and ever!” This praise ended with another “Amen,” meaning “so be it.”

This praise acknowledges God’s attributes. He is the source of every blessing, and no one can be truly happy without knowing Him. He is glorious, as Isaiah observed when he saw the Lord high and lifted up and seated upon His throne (Isaiah 6:1). Also, God is all-wise. He deserves everyone’s gratitude and homage. All power and strength belong to Him forever and ever. In Isaiah 40, God asks, “To whom then will you compare me, that I should be like him?” (Isaiah 40:25). In answering His own question, God states, “The LORD is the everlasting God, the Creator of the ends of the earth. He does not faint or grow weary; his understanding is unsearchable. He gives power to the faint, and to him who has no might he increases strength” (Isaiah 40:28–29). We need this high view of God because it reflects who He truly is.

Verse 13. Then one of the elders addressed me, saying, “Who are these, clothed in white robes, and from where have they come?”

In this verse one of the elders in heaven asks the apostle John the identity of the innumerable multitude. The elder refers to their white robes and asks specifically where they came from. This is yet another scriptural example of a figure asking a question when they, in fact, already know the answer. The question is being asked for effect, or to prompt a response, not because the person speaking needs to be informed. It seems the elder who asks John about the white-robed tribulation believers wanted him to focus on them as overcomers and thereby be encouraged to endure his trial of banishment to the island of Patmos.

John and many other believers were suffering persecution in the first century but the Lord assured them, through Paul, that they were more than conquerors through Christ, and not even death could separate them from God (Romans 8:37–39). Also, in his second letter to Timothy, Paul said that those who endure will reign with Christ (2 Timothy 2:12). John himself encouraged his readers that “he who is in you is greater than he who is in the world” (1 John 4:4).

Verse 14. I said to him, “Sir, you know.” And he said to me, “These are the ones coming out of the great tribulation. They have washed their robes and made them white in the blood of the Lamb.

In the prior verse, an unnamed elder asks John to name the people he sees. The purpose of this is not to gain information, but to prompt a response from John. According to this verse, John answered the elder wisely. He did not know the identity of the white-robed multitude. So, he simply said, “Sir, you know.” Although John accompanied Jesus for three years as a disciple and listened to Jesus’ teachings, he did not know everything. Nor can believers today know everything. However, we are accountable for what we do know (Luke 12:48).

The elder informed John that the multitude was coming out of the great tribulation and had been washed in the blood of the Lamb. Jesus had described the time before His coming to earth to reign. He said it would be a time of famines, religious deception, international warfare, afflictions and death, stellar and global catastrophes, and persecution (Matthew 24). He also promised that “the one who endures to the end will be saved (Matthew 24:13). All who belong to the white-robed multitude had endured the perils of the tribulation and had come through them safely.

Verse 15. “Therefore they are before the throne of God,and serve him day and night in his temple;and he who sits on the throne will shelter them with his presence.

In this verse, an unnamed elder continues his discussion of the white-robed multitude seen by John in heaven These were identified in verse 14 as those who had come out of the great tribulation. He speaks of the tribulation survivors’ reward. They are positioned before God’s throne and are privileged to serve Him continually.

Serving God is not a tiring or boring task for the tribulation survivors, and it should not be for us. We should serve Him with gladness (Psalm 100:2). The tribulation survivors serve God “day and night.” This might suggest that the throne in this passage is in the millennial temple on earth, rather than in heaven, presuming that in heaven there is no day or night. It might also simply mean that they serve “constantly,” and that God’s light shines such that day and night are irrelevant in New Jerusalem (Revelation 21:25; 22:5).

God is said to “shelter them with his presence.” He will spread His tabernacle over them as He did when the Hebrews journeyed through the desert on their way to the Promised Land. The tabernacle was the place God met with His people, and because it was portable, it went wherever the Hebrews went. Similarly, God’s presence will be with the tribulation survivors at all times and wherever they go. Ezekiel prophesied about the millennial temple in Ezekiel 40—44.

Verse 16. They shall hunger no more, neither thirst anymore;the sun shall not strike them,nor any scorching heat.

During the tribulation, a powerful false prophet will arise in Israel (Revelation 13:11–12). He will honor the head of the Revived Roman Empire who is called “a beast” (Revelation 13:1). The false prophet will control the economic trade and will try to force everyone to worship the head of the new and controlling government. He causes everyone to receive the mark of the beast on the right hand and forehead. If a person refuses to worship the beast, he will be executed. Further, no one can buy or sell unless he has received the mark of the beast.

Obviously, tribulation believers will refuse the mark and they will not worship the beast. Consequently, many believers will be executed, and many will go hungry and thirsty. Further, many of God’s judgments during the tribulation will include extreme environmental effects for all inhabitants of earth. Revelation 8:7 mentions hail and fire, mixed with blood, that burns up one third of the earth and one third of the vegetation. It will be extremely hard to survive such difficult days. Nevertheless, when these believers enter Messiah’s kingdom, their hunger and thirst will end, and they will no longer experience sunburn or scorching heat.

Verse 17. For the Lamb in the midst of the throne will be their shepherd,and he will guide them to springs of living water,and God will wipe away every tear from their eyes.”

Undoubtedly, believers in the tribulation will mourn the loss of their martyred fellow believers. They will shed tears as they suffer at the hands of their persecutors. However, in the kingdom reign of Christ on the earth the survivors will never hunger or thirst again. Further, God will wipe away the survivors’ tears. The Lamb will be the survivors’ shepherd, and He will lead them to springs of living water.

Perhaps the springs of living water allude to the river that Ezekiel saw flowing from the millennial Temple (Ezekiel 47:1). Wherever the river flowed, everything lived (Ezekiel 47:8–9). The survivors will understand by personal experience what the psalmist David wrote in Psalm 23:1–3: “The LORD is my shepherd; I shall not want. He makes me lie down in green pastures. He leads me beside still waters. He restores my soul. He leads me in paths of righteousness for his name’s sake.”

End of Chapter 7.

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