Down to Earth But Heavenly Minded

What does Hebrews Chapter 3 mean?

Hebrews chapter 3 makes an important shift in topic. The first two chapters were mostly about how Jesus Christ is superior to angels. In particular, the fact that Jesus Christ is fully human is what allows Him to be our ultimate example, High Priest, and the “Captain” of our salvation (Hebrews 2:10). Here, the subject turns to explain how Jesus is also superior to Old Testament figures such as Moses.

According to this chapter, Moses’ works were important, but don’t compare to those of Jesus. Like a house, Moses was a created thing. Jesus, as the “builder” of all things, including the house, is worth far more glory and honor (Hebrews 3:3). Moses pointed to great things which God would do, but Jesus Christ actually did those great things (Hebrews 3:5). Moses was a powerful and faithful servant in the household of God, but Jesus is the Son in the house of God (Hebrews 3:6).

Driving that analogy home, the author of Hebrews gives the next warning to Christians. He uses the incident of Israel’s failure to trust God, which resulted in their wandering the desert for forty years (Hebrews 3:7–12). Numbers chapter 13 and 14 describe how Israel came to the border of the Promised Land and then lost faith. Instead of trusting God for victory, they doubted that they could defeat the “giants” of Canaan. As a result, God disciplined the nation of Israel. All but a tiny remnant of that nation would wander the desert until they died, never seeing the ultimate victory God had offered.

This kind of doubt does not imply a loss of salvation. The context is Israel’s experience following the story of the Exodus. In the book of Exodus, “salvation” is represented by the Passover escape from Egypt. God did not send Israel back to the Egyptians when they doubted. Instead, He withheld from them the victory of entering the Promised Land. For the same reason, Canaan cannot be seen as a metaphor for heaven, here. There were still battles to fight and struggles to experience, even for those who held to their faith. In context, this warning is not about a loss of salvation, but rather a loss of fellowship, reward, and our “spiritual inheritance” which occurs when we doubt God’s Word.

This reflects a similar idea as the warning given in Hebrews 2:1–4. God’s message regarding our salvation cannot be neglected without consequences. In the same way, our trust in His word and His message cannot be set aside without there being a price to pay.

Chapter Context
In chapters 1 and 2, the author of Hebrews showed that Jesus was not an angel. In fact, Jesus’ role as Messiah required Him to be fully human. Starting in chapter 3, the author will explain how Jesus is also superior to various Old Testament characters such as Moses. This will help to set the stage for later references to Christ’s superiority. Part of the warning in this chapter extends into chapter 4. Namely, that Christians who doubt God’s promises risk missing out on the victories He has in store for us.

Verse by Verse

Verse 1. Therefore, holy brothers, you who share in a heavenly calling, consider Jesus, the apostle and high priest of our confession,

The book of Hebrews frequently uses the word “therefore” in order to connect various thoughts. In the previous chapters, the author has been explaining how Jesus Christ is superior to angels and is, in fact, fully human. As a completely human High Priest, Jesus can serve as our ultimate example. For the Jewish people, there was no greater example than Moses, but according to this section of Hebrews, Jesus is far greater. This verse makes a connection between Jesus’ role as our ultimate example—the “founder of our salvation”—and His superiority to even Moses.

In the next verses, the author will point out that Moses was faithful, but was also a created servant of God. Jesus, on the other hand, is the Creator, and the Son of God. What Moses predicted, Christ fulfilled. Verses 1 and 2 are meant to be read as a single sentence.

Some may see the term “apostle” here as confusing. This is a title often given to the men who preached the gospel immediately after the ascension of Jesus. The term itself literally means, “one who is sent.” In the context of this passage, that is a perfect description of Jesus. He is One sent from God to bring us good news. He is meant to be our example, and we are meant to do as He did (John 13:13–15; 20:21).

Another term often used in Hebrews is “brothers,” which should be kept in mind. The book is explicitly written to those who have faith in Jesus Christ. In other words, these are admonitions for believers, and believers alone.

Context Summary
Hebrews 3:1–6 explains how Moses, while a powerful and faithful servant of God, is not the ultimate example for us to follow. Jesus is not a servant, but the Son of God. He is not the created thing, He is the Creator. He did not come to predict God’s plan, He came to fulfill it. For these reasons, the Jewish Christians reading this letter should have every confidence in following Christ. This passage ends with a condition: that believers ”hold fast.” This is not a reference to losing salvation; however, it does introduce the warning beginning in verse 7, which discusses what happens when a believer fails to trust in God.

Verse 2. who was faithful to him who appointed him, just as Moses also was faithful in all God ‘s house.

The Jewish people revere Moses above all others, since he was the one who led the people out of Egypt and brought them God’s law. This passage is meant to show how Jesus Christ is superior to Moses. This begins by pointing out that, just as Moses was faithful to God, so too is Jesus faithful to the Father. Moses was faithful to God’s house—a reference to the tabernacle—because he followed the exact instructions given to him by God. However, as a person, Jesus is far superior to Moses.

Later verses will explain that Moses functioned in the “house of God” as a faithful servant. This is honorable, and admirable, but Jesus functions as the “son” of the household and the builder of the house! Moses is a created servant; Jesus is the Creator and Master (Hebrews 3:3, 6).

This passage comes with two important contexts. The first is that, if we ought to follow the example of Moses, we ought even more to follow the example of Jesus. Second, as later verses will explain, faithfulness is a requirement for victory. Those who fail to emulate faithfulness—meaning obedience, trust, and belief in God—will forfeit their inheritance. This does not result in damnation, but it does result in discipline.

Verse 3. For Jesus has been counted worthy of more glory than Moses — as much more glory as the builder of a house has more honor than the house itself.

Prior verses pointed out that Jesus, as a person, is superior to Moses. This verse expands on the concept. Moses was ultimately a created being. His work and his accomplishments were impressive. However, no matter how amazing a building might be, whoever designed and built it is obviously worth more honor and glory than the thing they built. In that way, Jesus, as the Creator of all things, is worth as much more honor than Moses as a builder is worth more honor than the house they build.

This is critical to the Hebrew mindset. In Judaism, there is no greater figure than Moses. It was Moses who led Israel out of slavery in Egypt and brought the laws of God to the nation of Israel. The author of Hebrews does nothing to diminish the character or reputation of Moses. On the contrary, he is depicted as faithful. However, these verses do make it clear that Jesus is far above Moses when it comes to authority or example.

This implies two separate and important ideas. First, if we acknowledge that Moses is a good example, and should be followed, the same is even more true of Christ. Also, as discussed later, if there were dire consequences for those who followed Moses, but lost their trust, there will be even greater consequences for those who follow Jesus, but lose their trust in Him.

Verse 4. (For every house is built by someone, but the builder of all things is God.)

This verse supports the general idea of Hebrews 3:3. Namely, that Jesus is superior to Moses in the same sense that a builder is superior to the house he constructs. In addition, this verse gives a crystal-clear indication that Jesus Christ is, in fact, God. Hebrews 1:2 makes a similar reference, calling Jesus the One through whom God created the world.

The author of Hebrews is explaining how the person and mission of Jesus are both far superior to those of Moses. This is not to diminish Moses at all. Rather, the point is that those who see Moses as a worthy example ought to feel even more inclined to follow Jesus. In the context of this letter, written to persecuted Jewish Christians, this is especially important. Those who cave in to persecution and return to Judaism instead of holding to their faith will suffer a loss of inheritance, as described later.

Verse 5. Now Moses was faithful in all God ‘s house as a servant, to testify to the things that were to be spoken later,

Here, as in prior verses, the author of Hebrews supports the idea that Jesus is a “better” example than that of Moses. While Moses was created, Jesus is the Creator (Hebrews 3:3). While Moses was faithful, as a servant in God’s house, Jesus is faithful as God’s Son (Hebrews 3:6). Moses gave previews of what was to come, Jesus actually fulfilled those promises.

Some of the aspects where Moses “testified” to the future include the tabernacle itself. Much of the tabernacle’s construction was meant to be symbolic. The actions of the priests and high priests were also meant to foreshadow the ministry of Jesus.

This falls in line with the “big picture” message of this passage. For the Jewish Christian enduring persecution and doubt, this is both a comforting and challenging idea. If Moses is meant to be an example, but his actions point forward to Jesus, who is a greater example, and whose works are complete, it stands to reason that Jesus is the “better” One to follow. Prior to this verse, the focus has been on the importance of following the example of Christ.

In the next verses, this point will shift to point out a prior example of what happens when we fail to trust in God’s promises: Israel’s forty-year wandering in the desert.

Verse 6. but Christ is faithful over God ‘s house as a son. And we are his house, if indeed we hold fast our confidence and our boasting in our hope.

The author of Hebrews is pointing out that Jesus is a greater, higher example to follow than even Moses. While Moses was a faithful servant in God’s house, who foretold many things, Jesus is the Son in God’s house, and the Creator, and the One who fulfilled those things (Hebrews 3:3–5). This ties in to the end of chapter 2, where the author points to Jesus as our ultimate example. The importance of following Jesus, even above Moses, is crucial for the audience this letter addresses: Jewish Christians of the first century.

The context of this letter also helps to explain the next point made in Hebrews. These believers are suffering under pressure and persecution. There is intense pressure, both from the world and the Jewish community, for these men and women to “fall back” into Judaism rather than pursue Christ. This verse points out that the blessings and victory we are promised in Christ are meant for those who “hold fast.”

The terminology shifts from discussing a “house” as a building to a “house” as a collection of people: the family. Being able to function as part of God’s “family” is a question of conditions, just as a priest or other Israelite’s fellowship with God was conditional. Their status as a part of the nation of Israel, like our salvation, is not at stake. But there are consequences when we fall out of fellowship with God.

In the next verse, this will be illustrated with the example of Israel’s wandering in the desert. That passage begins the second warning of Hebrews, running through the middle of chapter 4.

Verse 7. Therefore, as the Holy Spirit says, “Today, if you hear his voice,

This chapter points out that Jesus is a greater example than Moses. As a result, the Jewish Christians who read this letter should see Christ as the ultimate example, and “hold fast” to faith in Him despite hard times. Here, the author of Hebrews introduces an example from Israel’s history to explain what happens when a saved believer fails to “hold fast” in their trust for God. This is given in a quotation from Psalm 95:7–11, starting here and running through verse 11.

Psalm 95 depicts the dangers of a believer “hardening their heart” against God, specifically by being fearful or disobedient. Israel did just that in the wilderness, and as a result, God disciplined the nation with forty years of wandering.

The reference to the Holy Spirit is not the major point of this passage, but it is important. The writer of Hebrews, clearly, sees the Scriptures of the Old Testament as inspired by the Holy Spirit. These texts are not simply being quoted because they are familiar to the letter’s readers. They are being quoted as the very words of God.

The term “today” is meant to imply urgency. This is not a trivial idea being discussed: this is immediate.

Context Summary
Hebrews 3:7–14 uses the example of Israel’s forty years in the wilderness (Numbers 13—14) as a warning. This is directed at Christians who fail to ”hold fast” their faith in God during persecution. Israel was saved from Egypt, as believers are saved from eternal death through salvation. Israel was offered the Promised Land, as believers are promised victory through our spiritual inheritance. Israel lost faith and didn’t trust God against the ”giants” of Canaan, as believers can be tempted to lose faith in the face of persecution. The ancient Israelites were not sent back to Egypt, just as God does not revoke the salvation of Christian believers. However, both can expect hardship and a loss of fellowship if they fail to trust in God.

Verse 8. do not harden your hearts as in the rebellion,on the day of testing in the wilderness,

This verse continues a quotation of Psalm 95. There, God’s people are warned not to disobey out of fear or a lack of belief. In Numbers chapters 13 and 14, Israel does just that. After being miraculously rescued from Egypt, Israel sent spies into Canaan, which God had given them to capture. Of the twelve spies sent, only two expressed faith in God. The other ten, along with most of Israel, balked at the idea of fighting the “giants” of Canaan. As a result, God put the nation through a time of discipline and testing. Only a tiny remnant of those alive at that moment of failure would survive to enter the Promised Land.

The Greek of the New Testament uses the terms parapikrasmō and peirasmou when quoting Psalm 95, from the Septuagint translation of the Old Testament. These words mean “provocation” and “trial,” respectively. The ESV translates these as “rebellion” and “testing.” Both in the Greek and the Hebrew these are references to events and to places. The original Hebrew uses the place-names Meribah and Massah, which literally mean “strife” and “temptation.” Meribah and Massah (or Massah and Meribah) was the name given to the place at Kadesh where Israel complained against God and saw water come miraculously from a rock (Numbers 20:2–13). This was the incident which cost Moses his own entry into the Promised Land.

Verse 9. where your fathers put me to the testand saw my works for forty years.

This continues a quotation from Psalm 95. The author of Hebrews is pointing out the danger facing a Christian who does not “hold fast” to their faith when persecuted. The illustration from Psalm 95 refers to the failure of Israel in the wilderness just before they reached the Promised Land. Verse 8 mentioned “rebellion” and “testing,” which are both events and the names given to certain places. In the Hebrew of Psalm 95, these are Meribah and Massah, which mean “strife” and “temptation.” This was the place Israel complained against God.

This verse more specifically mentions Israel’s forty years of wandering. This was an act of discipline given by God. Rather than trusting Him—”holding fast”—they responded in doubt and fear when asked to move into Canaan (Numbers 13—14). So God forced them to wander aimlessly in the wilderness for decades. The application which the author of Hebrews intends comes most clearly in Hebrews 3:12–19. Christians who lose faith in the face of persecution can expect to lose fellowship and reward. They don’t lose salvation (just as Israel was not sent back to Egypt), but they will suffer a loss of their spiritual inheritance.

Verse 10. Therefore I was provoked with that generation,and said, ‘They always go astray in their heart;they have not known my ways.’

This is part of a quotation of Psalm 95. This Old Testament passage warns Israel not to repeat the mistakes of their past. After leaving Egypt, the people repeatedly disobeyed, defied, and resisted God. The “last straw” was their refusal to trust God in conquering the Promised Land. As a result, God forced the people to wander aimlessly in the desert for forty years, blocking all but a tiny remnant of that generation from entering Canaan. The application for a Christian is that those who do not “hold fast” to God’s word can expect to lose out on the inheritance we have been offered. This is not a loss of salvation (no more than God sent Israel back to Egypt) but it is a consequence to be avoided.

This Psalm also points out that Israel’s disobedience was not a one-time event. Sadly, God’s chosen people were often seen complaining, rebelling, disobeying, and criticizing God (Exodus 16:1–3; 32:1–8; Numbers 14:1–4). And yet, God still worked to save, preserve, and bless them. There was discipline, but not destruction. This is an encouraging reminder for us, today, when we see our own repeated failures.

Verse 11. As I swore in my wrath,‘They shall not enter my rest.’”

The author of Hebrews is using a quotation of Psalm 95 to illustrate an important point. Earlier verses explained that Jesus is a greater example than Moses, and so we should seek to follow Christ, even in times of hardship. Psalm 95 is a warning to Israel not to lose faith in God, as they did after leaving Egypt. Christians, then, are called on to “hold fast” to their faith, even under persecution, so they don’t lose their fellowship and inheritance with God.

The reference to “rest” here needs to be carefully understood. This part of Hebrews uses several meanings of “rest.” This verse is a reference to Israel’s victory in Canaan, as intended by God (Deuteronomy 12:9). The rebellious, faithless generation of Israel in the desert was barred from obtaining this victory. The Promised Land, however, is not meant to be a metaphor for salvation. Israel still had temptations, battles, and strife in Canaan. So, this is not a reference to a loss of salvation, for a Christian. This is further supported by the fact that Hebrews 4:9 will appeal to an eternal, ultimate “rest” of heaven, separate from what is mentioned here.

Verse 12. Take care, brothers, lest there be in any of you an evil, unbelieving heart, leading you to fall away from the living God.

Prior verses quoted from Psalm 95, which warns Israel not to repeat their mistakes in the wilderness. There, Israel lost faith in God. They gave in to fear, and that led to disobedience and stubbornness. They did not “hold fast,” and as a result, that generation was not allowed to enter into the Promised Land. God did not send Israel back into slavery in Egypt, but He disciplined the people for their lack of faith.

Here, the application of the Psalm is made explicit. The Israelites’ lack of trust caused them to fall away from God, and this resulted in discipline. The author of Hebrews is warning the Jewish Christians who read these words not to make the same mistake.

It’s especially important to see the full context of this verse, since it uses two particular Greek words, apistias and apostēnai. These are translated in the ESV as “unbelieving” and “fall away,” respectively. Apostēnai is the word from which we get the term “apostasty,” which means a rebellion or defiance of authority. It is most frequently used to describe those who completely leave the Christian faith. However, like most such terms, there are varied levels and meanings of “falling away.” In this case, the meaning is that of sin and faithlessness, not open rejection of God.

Once again, the context makes it clear that salvation is not at stake. The Promised Land is not a metaphor for heaven—Israel’s rescue from Egypt is the symbol of salvation. God’s wrath against the Jewish people in the wilderness was not to send them back to Egypt (symbolizing a return to an un-saved state). Rather, it was to deny them the blessings of the promised inheritance. Parts of chapter 4 will further support the idea that the author is speaking of sin in the life of a saved believer, not the potential loss of salvation.

Verse 13. But exhort one another every day, as long as it is called “today,” that none of you may be hardened by the deceitfulness of sin.

This passage is a warning to Christian believers not to allow stubbornness, sin, or a lack of faith to rob them of God’s promised blessings. The nation of Israel suffered when it failed to “hold fast,” and spent forty years wandering in the desert. So too can a Christian suffer when they lack trust and faith in God.

One key to avoiding this pitfall is the influence of other Christian believers. One of the great benefits of healthy church relationships is loving correction. Having a meaningful, personal relationship with other Christians means “watching each other’s back.” This means warning our brothers and sisters in Christ when they are being pulled away into sin and helping them to resist temptation and error. The author’s urgency is highlighted by using the phrase “as long as it is called ‘today.’” This, in more modern terms, could be stated as “do it while you still can.”

The New Testament often explains that sin is deceptive, destructive, and deadly (2 Timothy 3:13; Titus 3:3). It can also create a spiritual callous, making us less sensitive to our own sin (1 Timothy 4:2). Fellow Christians should love each other enough to “exhort,” meaning “encourage, uplift, or challenge” each other when it comes to living a righteous life.

Verse 14. For we have come to share in Christ, if indeed we hold our original confidence firm to the end.

The context of this passage is set up by quotations from Psalm 95. That passage warns Israel not to fall into the same error as they did in the desert after the Exodus. When Israel failed to trust in God, they were disciplined with forty years of wandering, and most of that generation lost the opportunity to see victory in the Promised Land. In the same way, the writer of Hebrews is warning Christians not to forfeit their spiritual blessings by failing to “hold fast” their faith and obedience to God (Hebrews 3:6).

With that idea in mind, the author states that those who do maintain their trust and obedience “have come to share” in Christ. This is from the Greek word metochoi, which is translated as “share,” or “partakers.” This is the same term, with the same basic meaning, as used in Hebrews 3:1. If we are faithful, we can share in the partnership Christ offers to us (Revelation 2:26–27). If we do not, and we fall into sin through an evil heart (Hebrews 3:12), then the same discipline which came to Israel in the desert is waiting for us, instead.

Verse 15. As it is said, “Today, if you hear his voice,do not harden your hearts as in the rebellion.”

Verses 12 through 14 brought a very direct application of Psalm 95 to the discussion. Israel suffered discipline in the wilderness because the people acted in a faithless, stubborn way. The author of Hebrews has warned his readers not to make the same mistake due to their own sin. In fact, he commands Christians to exhort (encourage, challenge) each other to avoid such things. Here, he puts an exclamation point on his use of the Psalm by repeating the first verse quoted, Psalm 95:7.

The use of the term “today,” both in Hebrews and in the Old Testament, is meant to be a call for urgency. This is not a topic to be taken lightly, or put off until some other time. The nation of Israel failed to “hold fast” to their trust in God (Hebrews 3:6), and it cost them dearly. They were not cast off by God—just as the Christians this letter is written to are not at risk of losing their salvation—but they were denied their inheritance due to their stubbornness.

Context Summary
Hebrews 3:15–19 ties several of the previous sections together. Using four primary forms of spiritual error, the author shows why Israel was disciplined by God. This discipline meant a loss of the Promised Land—not a parallel to salvation, but to spiritual rewards. Rebellion, sin, defiance, and faithlessness were all present in the nation of Israel, and that generation was denied their potential victory. Christians are warned, in this chapter, to avoid these mistakes so they don’t forfeit their own spiritual inheritance.

Verse 16. For who were those who heard and yet rebelled? Was it not all those who left Egypt led by Moses?

Verses 16 through 18 use a series of rhetorical questions—sentences which are framed as questions, but are really meant as definite statements. These are used to prove the author’s main point, which is that believers who fail to trust in God risk losing their spiritual blessings. Just as Israel suffered forty years of wandering when they were faithless, so too can a Christian suffer instead of obtaining the “Promised Land” of God’s inheritance. This is not a matter of salvation, but of fellowship, and yet it is still deadly serious.

This verse also shows that the Bible’s authors understood the use of generalities. The words say “all” in reference to those who left Egypt. However, a major aspect of the story was the faithfulness of Joshua and Caleb, and the fact that the younger members of Israel would live to enter Canaan. The point, however, fits the rhetoric. This is similar to how we might say, “nobody shops at that store anymore” when business is extremely poor. The point is not literalism, but effect, and would have been well understood by the Jewish readers of this letter.

This verse also gives one of the four major types of spiritual failure which can invite divine discipline. The first, given here, is rebellion. This is from the Greek word parepikranan, and it most literally means to “provoke.” These are those moments when we respond to God in a way which even other human beings would consider obnoxious or immature. Complaining, selfishness, carelessness, and so forth are all forms of rebellion.

Verse 17. And with whom was he provoked for forty years? Was it not with those who sinned, whose bodies fell in the wilderness?

This verse, along with verses 16 and 18, uses rhetorical questions to close up the author’s point about sin and discipline. Israel was forced to wander in the desert for forty years due to their sin. This caused an entire generation to lose out on entering the Promised Land. In this chapter, the author has made the argument that Christians are subject to the same dangers, if they fail to “hold fast,” making the same errors as the people of Israel did. These verses remind the reader that it was due to Israel’s sin that they were forced to wander.

The prior verse introduced the first of four ways in which our spiritual failures can disrupt our fellowship with God. The first was rebellion. Here, the main concern is simply referred to as “sin,” from the Greek hamartēsasin. In this particular context, the term has more to do with our actions than anything else. The connection is fairly clear, as this verse connects “sin” with the death of the body—physical for physical. Of course, what we do with our bodies is a reflection of what we think and believe. And, it demonstrates the extent to which we see God as the ultimate authority in our lives.

Verse 18. And to whom did he swear that they would not enter his rest, but to those who were disobedient?

Verse 16 mentioned rebellion as one of the ways in which our spiritual failures can result in a loss of fellowship with God. Verse 17 used the term “sin” as a more generic reference to our physical behaviors. Here, the third of four such problems is given: defiance. This is apeithēsasin in Greek, a word carrying a strong flavor of stubbornness and refusal. This, in other words, covers those moments when our sinful natures take on the form of a toddler: stamping our feet and saying, “no!”

The context of these warnings is that of Psalm 95: Israel suffered for decades without entering the Promised Land, because they were stubborn and rebellious towards God. When faced with something difficult, they failed to “hold fast” to their faith (Hebrews 3:6). Christians face the same risk. The author of Hebrews is warning believers to guard their lives (Hebrews 3:12), and to lovingly encourage each other (Hebrews 3:13), to avoid this discipline.

Verse 19. So we see that they were unable to enter because of unbelief.

This is the last of the four ways in which spiritual failure can cause us to miss out on blessings from God. The context is that of Israel and her wandering in the desert. Despite common use, the Promised Land is not meant to be a symbol of heaven in the Bible—there was still war, work, and strife in Canaan. Salvation, in the story of Israel, was her liberation from Egypt. God did not send the rebellious people back to slavery. He will not let a saved Christian fall into eternal damnation. However, He will discipline a Christian who exhibits spiritual failures with a loss of their spiritual inheritance.

Prior verses used the example of Israel to point out the errors of rebellion, sin, and defiance. Here, “faithlessness” is mentioned. This is from the Greek term apistian. As used in the Bible, it is applied to those who lack faith entirely, those who have a weak trust in God, and those who fail to maintain trust. When Israel saw the “giants” of Canaan, they “chickened out” on God, and demonstrated this kind of “unbelief.”

Hebrews was originally written to Jewish Christians suffering under persecution. There would have been a strong temptation to “chicken out” and revert back to Judaism, or otherwise compromise their faith. However, this apistian risks discipline from God. The spiritual inheritance we are promised—something separate from our eternally secure salvation—is contingent on our being willing to “hold fast” to our faith (Hebrews 3:6). Faithlessness makes pleasing God impossible (Hebrews 11:6).

End of Chapter 3.

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