Down to Earth But Heavenly Minded

What does Colossians Chapter 3 mean?

Paul frequently establishes spiritual concepts as ideas first, then moves into applying them. His letter to the Colossians does the same. Chapters 1 and 2 set the stage by showing how the teachings of Christ are superior to all other claims. With that established, Chapter 3 transitions to practical matters within the church.

First, Paul addresses topics related to Christian conduct (Colossians 3:1–17). This begins with a focus on the new life believers have in Jesus (Colossians 3:1–4). This focus involves Christians giving attention to godly, spiritual ideas, rather than sinful, earthly ones. Paul uses strong terminology when describing how believers are to remove certain sins from their lives: they are to “put to death,” spiritually speaking, all earthly, sinful desires (Colossians 3:5–11). Paul gives specific examples of sins Christians are meant to avoid, including sexual immorality and slander.

Instead of wallowing in sin, Christians are to put on the “new self” (Colossians 3:12–17), doing all things for the glory of God (Colossians 3:17). Paul commends positive behaviors which Christians are to imitate. Among these are patience and humility, but the most important is love. Christian love is what allows imperfect, diverse people to be bound together as one spiritual body. This perspective will be renewed later in the chapter, as well, when Paul reminds his readers that God is an impartial judge of all men, slave or free.

In the latter part of this passage, Paul addresses Christian households, including “bondservants,” or slaves (Colossians 3:18—4:1). This begins with a brief word to wives (Colossians 3:18), followed by husbands (Colossians 3:19). Children and fathers are then addressed (Colossians 3:20–21). Included in this discussion of Christian households are guidelines for bondservants (Colossians 3:22—4:1). They were to be obedient to their masters (Colossians 3:22), working as for the Lord (Colossians 3:23).

Chapter 4, verse 1 is actually the end of this discussion. There, Paul specifically warns masters to heed his instructions in chapter 3. God is the Master in Heaven over all mankind, and He expects those who serve as masters to be fair.

Chapter Context
Prior chapters in Colossians emphasized the supremacy of Jesus, and the inferiority of worldly teachings. Paul’s explanation of Christ as the ultimate authority, and the only source of truth, is key to understanding the difference between godly wisdom and worldly deceptions. In this chapter, Paul will apply those earlier ideas using practical instructions. This application runs through the beginning of chapter 4, which will end with various news about fellow Christian ministers.

Verse by Verse

Verse 1. If then you have been raised with Christ, seek the things that are above, where Christ is, seated at the right hand of God.

Prior chapters discussed the false teachings Paul wants the Colossian Christians to avoid. Chapter 3 begins with a transition from these teachers into a description of legitimate spirituality, from the only true teacher: Christ. Paul’s use of “if” here is not really a question, but an assumption. He writes the following to those who are saved by faith in Christ. Their goal was to live with an eternal perspective rather than a focus on the rules and regulations of this world. Rather than following a set of rules, Christians are to submit moment-by-moment to the leading of the Holy Spirit.

Paul then explains why believers are to focus on eternal matters. Christians are to set their minds “above,” so to speak, because that is where Christ is. Christ is not on earth, or in the grave—He is at God’s right hand. This was the consistent teaching of Jesus, and of the early church (Luke 22:69; Acts 2:33; 5:31; 1 Peter 3:22). Paul would also teach this message to the Romans (Romans 8:34). The book of Hebrews also emphasizes this location of honor for Jesus (Hebrews 1:3; 10:12; 12:2).

Context Summary
Colossians 3:1–11 encourages Christian believers to focus their attention on godly, spiritual things. Those who are spiritually free, thanks to their faith in Christ, should not live in the sins which used to be their habit. Paul specifically refers to certain sins such as sexual immorality, jealousy, slander, lying, and revenge. These are not simply to be avoided: Paul tells believers to ”put to death” such behaviors in their own lives. All believers are united in Christ, so all believers should act as people committed to their Savior. The next passage will contrast these sins with the positive behaviors Christians are meant to undertake.

Verse 2. Set your minds on things that are above, not on things that are on earth.

Repeating the theme of verse 1, Paul reminds the believers at Colossae to keep their minds on godly, spiritual things. This is meant for those who have accepted Christ, and received Him as their Savior. Rather than looking to the earth around them, the minds of Christians should be focused “above.” The things “above” are the things of God. God is often noted as being “above” in the New Testament (John 3:31; 8:23; Ephesians 4:10) and heaven is described as “above” (James 1:17).

In this context, the “things of the earth” are associated with ungodly activities. For example, James 3:15 notes a false approach which “is not the wisdom that comes down from above, but is earthly, unspiritual, demonic.” In contrast, the “wisdom from above is first pure, then peaceable, gentle, open to reason, full of mercy and good fruits, impartial and sincere” (James 3:17). This does not mean that believers should ignore all earthly concerns. It does, however, mean that believers ought to give their time and attention to things pleasing to God, rather than things pleasing to men.

Verse 3. For you have died, and your life is hidden with Christ in God.

Paul has already noted that believers “died to the elemental spirits of the world” (Colossians 2:20). Here, he repeats the same metaphor. Since believers have “died” to sin, in the sense of being separated from it, the believer’s life is “hidden,” or “contained” within Christ. In the previous chapter, Paul discussed false teachers who used tricks and deceptive arguments. These men claimed special, hidden wisdom which only they had access to. In contrast, according to Paul, the believer’s wisdom is found in knowing the Lord.

More specifically, this letter mentions how wisdom which was once hidden has now been revealed (Colossians 1:26). But this is not only revealed to a certain special few—it is open to the “saints.” In the Bible, “saints” is always used as a general term for all who accept Christ as their Savior. Christ is described as the One “in whom are hidden all the treasures of wisdom and knowledge” (Colossians 2:3). Christ died for us (Romans 5:6–8). When we put trusting faith in Jesus, we die to sin (Romans 6:2) and are set free from its power (Romans 6:7). Those who die—to the world and to sin—with Christ will also live with Christ for eternity (Romans 6:8).

Verse 4. When Christ who is your life appears, then you also will appear with him in glory.

Paul continues to highlight Christ as the source of true life for all Christian believers. This verse creates an interesting discussion regarding the original text. Some ancient manuscripts have “our life,” others have “your life.” The latter is considered more likely by textual critics, though the meaning is exactly the same. Paul, as a Christian, is just as much alive in Jesus as the Colossian Christians he is writing to (Colossians 3:1). Christ is not only the giver and sustainer of life (Colossians 1:16); Christ is our life.

Paul also previews the return, or “second coming,” of Christ. This theme is important to Paul, but can be controversial among Bible interpreters. There is debate regarding whether there will be one or two future return events of Christ. This really boils down to whether or not a person believes there will be a rapture—a “taking away” of saved believers—separately from Christ’s ultimate victorious return (Revelation 19:11). Those who interpret the Bible as speaking of the rapture and second coming as two separate events do so based on details in the account of the end times; these seem to imply two separate and distinct events.

In this specific context, Paul clearly anticipates Christ returning at any moment. This is a theme both consistent and clear through the New Testament. When Christ “appears,” believers will be with Him in glory (1 Thessalonians 4:13–18; 1 John 3:2).

Verse 5. Put to death therefore what is earthly in you: sexual immorality, impurity, passion, evil desire, and covetousness, which is idolatry.

Because of the new life believers are given in Christ, they are to end certain practices and focus on others. Salvation is by faith alone in Christ alone (Ephesians 2:8–9), yet believers are to also seek to live holy lives before Christ. Verses 5–11 in this chapter focus on those worldly, sinful practices which Christians should stop. Verses 12–17 emphasize those godly, positive practices believers ought to live by.

Verse 5 begins with an interesting combination of Greek phrases. Paul uses the term nekrōsate, which is a commanding word, meaning “put it to death!” This is followed by the phrase, ta epi tēs gēs, literally meaning “your members that are upon the earth.” In no uncertain terms, Paul is instructing his readers not to let their body do whatever it wants. Rather, they are to live by Christ’s desires for our lives. In particular, Paul calls out five specific sins which Christians are to “put to death” in their physical bodies.

First, believers are to abstain from sexual immorality. This is from the Greek term porneian, a general term for sexual sins. This can include premarital sex, adultery, homosexuality, or deviant sexuality such as bestiality.

Second, Paul speaks against impurity, or spiritual uncleanness. Again, this general sin can refer to many things, such as evil thoughts or actions.

Third, Paul mentions “passion,” also translated as “lust, or inordinate affection.” These are inappropriate cravings which distract us from the things above, and lead us to commit the sins of immorality and impurity.

Fourth, “evil desire” likely includes wanting things which are wrong, whether sexual desires or material things.

Fifth, Paul refers to “covetousness, which is idolatry.” Paul considered jealousy over what others have as a form of idol worship.

Verse 6. On account of these the wrath of God is coming.

In verse 5, Paul listed five sins which Christians are to avoid. In fact, believers are instructed to “put to death” these kinds of evils in their own lives. Here, Paul warns that the sins he has just listed are inviting the wrath of God. Some manuscripts also specify that this wrath is aimed at “the sons of disobedience.” According to the Bible, God’s wrath is the result of human sin. Jesus taught, “Whoever believes in the Son has eternal life; whoever does not obey the Son shall not see life, but the wrath of God remains on him” (John 3:36).

In Romans, Paul specifically mentions the “wrath of God” on several occasions (Romans 1:18; 5:9; 12:19), noting that it will come against the ungodly. Those who put trusting faith in Christ, however, will escape this wrath. It is crucial to note that Christians are explicitly told not to seek revenge on earth. We are commanded in no uncertain terms to leave wrath and revenge in the hands of God, not to take it ourselves (Romans 12:19).

The wrath of God is mentioned here, in the book of Romans, Ephesians 5:6, John 3:36, and the book of Revelation (Revelation 14:10; 14:19; 15:1, 7; 16:1; 19:15). The references in Revelation appear to be associated with the seven-year tribulation period. During this time, many judgments will take place on the earth, concluding with the return of Christ. At that point, Jesus will “will tread the winepress of the fury of the wrath of God the Almighty” (Revelation 19:15).

Verse 7. In these you too once walked, when you were living in them.

The Colossian believers are highly encouraged by Paul in this letter. However, their past lives were not godly. Paul knows that these believers were once sexually immoral, impure, and idol worshippers (Colossians 3:5). This was before their faith in Jesus. Now, Paul could say they “once walked.” Their sinful lifestyles in these areas are in the past tense as Paul writes his letter

This presents two of the great blessings of salvation. First and foremost, those who trust in Christ are free from the eternal penalty and punishment of their sins (Colossians 3:6). At the same time, Christians are freed from the enslavement of those sins. Through the power of Christ, we don’t have to be chained to those evil habits any more.

Notice, however, that freedom from the power of sin does not mean Christians cannot be tempted. Nor does it mean believers are immune to falling back into those sins. Moral perfection during this life is not promised for a believer in Christ. This is why Paul issues warnings about the dangers of sin, even to those he knows have a saving relationship with Jesus. Paul himself admits that he continues to struggle against sin (Romans 7).

“Struggle,” truly, is the key distinction between the believer and the non-believer. All men are capable of sin, whether they are saved or not. However, a believer will not continue “living in [sins].” Truly saved believers are not complacent or comfortable in their mistakes. The conviction of God’s Spirit compels a true believer to fight against sinful actions, rather than to remain apathetic towards sin.

Verse 8. But now you must put them all away: anger, wrath, malice, slander, and obscene talk from your mouth.

In prior verses, Paul gave a command for believers to “put to death” sins and ungodly behaviors in their own lives. He specifically listed sins such as sexual immorality, lust, and jealousy. In this verse, Paul’s list of general sins from verse 5 is defined in greater detail. He starts by repeating his command to remove such things from one’s habits. Believers are not to be known for living the same lifestyle as they did before believing in Christ. Salvation is by faith, yet the Christian life is a changed life.

Complementing his five-part list in verse 5, Paul now adds five more areas of spiritual failure.

First, Paul speaks against anger. Outbursts of uncontrolled anger are not meant to be found in the life of a Christian. Anger in and of itself is not always wrong, but it can lead to much sin (Ephesians 4:26). Human anger tends to pop up over issues which are not worth that emotion.

Second, Paul addresses wrath. In modern English we often mingle the words “anger” and “wrath.” However, they are really two separate ideas. Anger is an emotion, wrath is an action. In this context, wrath suggests the idea of revenge, and is sometimes translated as “rage.” In Romans 12:19, Paul taught that believers ought to leave wrath to God and not seek revenge on our own terms.

Third, Paul condemns malice. The Greek term used here is kakian, which includes the idea of desiring to harm another person. Paul has already condemned the emotion of unrighteous anger. He has done the same with wrath, which is the act of revenge. “Malice” is a broader term, referring to a general desire to see another person suffer or be harmed. We should not hope for harm to befall others.

Fourth, Paul speaks against slander. In the Biblical context, slander is putting down other people or speaking evil against others. This can include insults, lies, harsh speech, or even gossip.

Fifth, Paul prohibits obscene talk. Speech which is vulgar, or intended to be offensive, is not to be associated with the life of a believer.

Verse 9. Do not lie to one another, seeing that you have put off the old self with its practices

Verses 5 and 8 combine to give a ten-item list of worldly sins Christians should remove from their lives. These include sexual immorality, jealousy, revenge, slander, and so forth. In addition, Paul now speaks in detail against Christians lying to one another. Note that, in this particular case, Paul is specifically addressing Christians lying to fellow Christians. All believers, regardless of class, race, background, age, gender, or ability, are part of the same family (Colossians 3:11; Galatians 3:28). Rather than being petty or deceptive, believers are to treat one another well, speaking the truth in love (Ephesians 4:15).

Paul’s reason believers should not lie to one another is found in the issue of identity. Those who put a trusting faith in Christ are new people who have died to sin and have become alive in Christ. The goal is then to live a Christ-like life. Lying to one another is inconsistent with this new life. Paul supports this argument by appealing to the highest authority possible: Christ Himself. The old self, of sin and the world, is contrasted with the new self in verse 10. The idea of the “old self” is also discussed by Paul in Romans 6:6 and Ephesians 4:22.

Verse 10. and have put on the new self, which is being renewed in knowledge after the image of its creator.

This verse picks up in the middle of a thought begun in verse 9, regarding Christians setting aside the “old self” of worldly, sinful behaviors. In contrast with the old self, the believer is a new creation and should therefore live differently. Paul adds that the new self is constantly refreshed through knowledge of the one who created it: Christ. Knowledge which comes from Christ is noted throughout Colossians as an important part of the Christian life (Colossians 1:9–10; Colossians 2:2–3).

Just as Christ is “the image of the invisible God” (Colossians 1:15), believers are being remade into the likeness of Jesus. Paul notes elsewhere that Christ is “the image of God” (2 Corinthians 4:4). Jesus is also fully involved in creation (Colossians 1:16). John 1:3 says, “All things were made through him, and without him was not any thing made that was made.” The believer is a new person increasingly designed to grow more like Christ, the one who created us.

Verse 11. Here there is not Greek and Jew, circumcised and uncircumcised, barbarian, Scythian, slave, free; but Christ is all, and in all.

This section has mostly been negative, with Paul condemning the earthly desires Christians are to avoid. (Colossians 3:5–9). Here, he ends on a more positive note by emphasizing the unity of all believers in Christ. The city of Colossae probably included all of the people groups Paul mentions in this verse. There would have been both Greeks and Jews, with Greeks generally being “uncircumcised” and Jews “circumcised.”

Colossae probably housed many “barbarian” people, which most Greeks defined as those who could not speak the Greek language. As a result, they were considered uneducated and had a reputation for being rough and sometimes brutal. Scythians were those who lived along the Black Sea and Caspian Sea. In the first century, Scythians were considered the worst of barbarians by the Greeks.

Slaves, literally “bondservants” from the Greek doulos, were common in Paul’s time. He will soon give spiritual instructions for Christian slaves at the end of this particular chapter. In contrast, “free” people were those not obligated to others; these were considered more affluent in society, though they were not always wealthy.

All of these groups are considered equal in Christ’s sight. Christ is sufficient for all things, including the ability to create unity among the diverse people who have been made new in Him.

Verse 12. Put on then, as God ‘s chosen ones, holy and beloved, compassionate hearts, kindness, humility, meekness, and patience,

In both Colossians 3:5 and 3:8, Paul listed five ways of life Christians are to avoid. In this verse, he offers five ways of life Christians ought to follow. In addition, he prefaces this list by referring to believers using three names. First, they are “God’s chosen ones.” God selected or elected them to be part of His family. Second, these believers are holy, which means “set apart.” This is due to God’s work in them, not their own good deeds. Third, believers are “beloved” by God (John 3:16).

The first positive practice Paul gives is a compassionate heart. This is a response to God, and to others, which is filled with love and concern rather than selfishness.

Second, Paul mentions kindness. This Greek word is chrēstotēta, which can also be translated as “moral goodness or integrity.” The term refers to how a person treats others.

Third, believers are to live in humility, a trait valued by God throughout Scripture (James 4:6). The gospel requires people to admit they are sinners in need of a Savior. As believers, we should recognize God’s supremacy in our lives and how limited we are in comparison. Humility is also important so that we don’t act arrogantly or unfairly towards other people.

Fourth, Paul mentions meekness, from the Greek prautēta. This is not an attitude of fear, or the suggestion that Christians ought to be timid. Rather, it refers to gentleness, instead of a hard hearted response to others. A “meek” person is one who controls their strength and power, rather than abusing it.

Fifth, Paul expects patience from believers. This and the other traits in this verse closely reflect the list describing the fruit of the Spirit in Galatians 5:22–23.

Context Summary
Colossians 3:12–17 follows Paul’s advice on sins to avoid by listing positive traits Christians should strive to emulate. Among these are compassion, humility, patience, and forgiveness. More important than any other is love, which not only inspires the other traits, but which binds Christians together as a single family, under Christ. Paul then opens the idea of following Christ to include every aspect of our lives: whatever we think or do, as believers, ought to be compatible with the example of our Lord Jesus Christ.

Verse 13. bearing with one another and, if one has a complaint against another, forgiving each other; as the Lord has forgiven you, so you also must forgive.

In Colossians 3:9, Paul emphasized the importance of honesty among fellow believers. There, he advises believers not to lie to one another. In this verse, he suggests a positive trait believers ought to express toward each other: “bearing with one another.” Believers are family and should treat one another with kindness and grace. This includes forgiveness, as well as tolerance. Instead of demanding perfection in others, we need to be willing to endure other believers’ quirks and oddities. And, when they fail, we need to be ready to forgive and help them heal.

For the saved believer, this should come naturally. Those who accept Christ for salvation have been forgiven of their sins; as a result, we ought to be inclined to forgive other people (Matthew 6:14–15; Ephesians 4:32). Paul directly supports his command to forgive one another by appealing to this forgiveness from God. How did the Lord forgive them? He forgave them of all sins, with no room for wrath or vengeance. Believers are to likewise forgive one another without holding a grudge or bringing the matter up again in order to hurt the other person.

Verse 14. And above all these put on love, which binds everything together in perfect harmony.

In 1 Corinthians, Paul called love the “more excellent way” (1 Corinthians 12:31). Here, he echoes this teaching, stating that love is the most important positive attribute to display. For Paul, love is the supreme attribute. Love supersedes all other attitudes. Paul has already mentioned love on three earlier occasions in this letter (Colossians 1:4, 8; 2:2) and he will mention it again in Colossians 3:19.

From Paul’s perspective, love brings people together and makes their differences compatible. This is what “harmony” means: the positive combination of things which are not exactly the same. This does not mean believers are perfect or do not make mistakes. Instead, just as an orchestra or band must play together to make a pleasant sound, love is the song that believers must all play in order to work together in harmony.

We are given many spiritual gifts when we accept Christ as our Savior. According to Scripture, “the greatest of these is love” (1 Corinthians 13:13). First Peter 4:8 adds, “Above all, keep loving one another earnestly, since love covers a multitude of sins.”

Verse 15. And let the peace of Christ rule in your hearts, to which indeed you were called in one body. And be thankful.

In verses 12 through 14, Paul has given eight positive traits which Christians are to emulate. Here, he adds two additional ideals for believers to pursue.

First, he calls believers to live in peace. Peace, part of the fruit of the Spirit (Galatians 5:22–23), is noted in this letter as coming from God our Father (Colossians 1:2). We receive peace with God through the blood of the cross (Colossians 1:20). It is to “rule” in our hearts, meaning it should be in charge of how we live. Believers are not called to live in violence or squabbles among each other, but in peace.

It’s important to remember the context of this statement. Paul is not referring to peace in the sense of “happy feelings.” In prior verses, he was discussing the need for Christians to tolerate, love, and support each other. In this verse, after mentioning peace, Paul again speaks of the unity Christians have. With Christ as the head, we are all part of a spiritual “body,” which is the church. Peace within the body requires peace between its parts. Every group of believers will experience internal conflict at times, but seeking peace will help us resolve issues in the context of Christian love.

The second trait Paul mentions in this verse is simple: an attitude of thanksgiving. Paul mentions thanks multiple times in this letter, showing the importance of gratitude in the Christian life (Colossians 1:3; 2:7; 3:16–17; 4:2).

Verse 16. Let the word of Christ dwell in you richly, teaching and admonishing one another in all wisdom, singing psalms and hymns and spiritual songs, with thankfulness in your hearts to God.

In verses 12 through 15, Paul describes ten positive behaviors which Christians are supposed to practice. This important verse offers an eleventh trait: letting the “word of Christ dwell in you richly.” The “word of Christ” refers to Christ’s teachings, both directly as found in the Gospels as well as those explained by the apostles. According to Paul, the teachings of Jesus “live” within believers in a powerful way.

This verse lists three specific applications of Christ’s word dwelling in the life of a believer. The first two aspects are noted together: teaching and admonition. Christ’s word can instruct us, which is “teaching.” At the same time, Christ’s word can also show us where we are wrong. The word of Christ gives us guidance in how to correct mistakes in what we believe and what we do.

Third, Paul encourages the singing of various types of spiritual songs. Paul never gives preference to one type of music over another. His purpose here is simply to state that all types of music were to be used to let the word of Christ dwell richly within us. This singing was to be done with an attitude of thanksgiving. Singing praise to God is largely associated with showing our gratitude to Him, rather than focusing on ourselves or our own desires.

Verse 17. And whatever you do, in word or deed, do everything in the name of the Lord Jesus, giving thanks to God the Father through him.

Over these recent verses, Paul has listed 11 negative traits to avoid, and 11 positive traits for believers to mimic. In this verse, he summarizes his teaching with the all-encompassing phrase “whatever you do.” Anything unmentioned in his list is to be understood from his words in this verse. This includes what we say and how we act. This fits cleanly with Paul’s rejection of legalism and pious self-denial. Our relationship with Christ is not about a set of rules—human minds could never make enough individual rules to cover every possible situation. Instead, we are to submit everything, and every moment to Christ. Instead of living by a checklist, we are to submit to Him in “whatever” we think or do.

This teaching is emphasized a second time. Paul’s teaching is once again all-encompassing. We are to “do everything in the name of the Lord Jesus.” The final phrase “giving thanks to God the Father through him” is one reason for the tradition of ending prayers using the name of Jesus. Though we are not required to say these words in prayer, the idea is true. We thank God the Father, in the name of Jesus. It is through Jesus we are saved and have a new life (Acts 4:12).

Verse 18. Wives, submit to your husbands, as is fitting in the Lord.

This verse begins a new section extending through chapter 4, verse 1. Here, Paul gives specific, practical instructions for those living in a Christian home.

First, Paul addresses Christian wives. Much controversy has surrounded the understanding of the word “submit.” This is from the Greek term hypotassesthe, which has slightly different meanings depending on whether it is used in a military or non-military sense. When used in reference to the military, this word means to arrange forces under the guidance of a leader. Outside of warfare, the word means a voluntary attitude of cooperating, assuming responsibility, and obedience. In the Bible, wives are not called to be inferior minions of their husbands, rather they are to be cooperative helpers. Husbands are likewise given spiritual obligations towards their wives. This includes demonstrating the same selfless, sacrificial love and concern shown by Christ for the church (Ephesians 5:25).

This type of commitment, from a wife towards her husband, is considered “fitting” to God. In other words, it is appropriate for a Christian woman to live in a caring relationship with her husband—and this includes allowing him to lead the family. Sadly, there are many examples of Christian men who have not led their family well. However, in the context of how God intends the family to operate, the “fitting” picture is that of a godly husband who loves his wife and is gentle with her (Colossians 3:19). She, in turn, offers similar kindness to him and supports her husband’s role as the leader of the family.

Context Summary
Colossians 3:18—4:1 gives specific instructions from Paul for those living in Christian homes. This passage includes directions for husbands, wives, children, and servants. Paul makes a point of reminding believers not to merely ”get by” with the bare minimum of what we are obligated to do. Rather, we should serve knowing that Christ is our ultimate judge. Paul also places ”masters” under the same obligation to kindness and fairness as slaves and servants: both are equal in the eyes of Christ.

Verse 19. Husbands, love your wives, and do not be harsh with them.

Following his instruction to wives in the previous verse, Paul teaches husbands. Men are to show care, concern, and gentleness with their wives. Note that, in the prior verse, wives were given a single command. Here, husbands are given two.

First is the obligation to love their wives. A form of the Greek word agape is used here. This term indicates an unselfish, sacrificial love for another. The Bible is consistent in its portrayal of a proper husband-wife relationship (Ephesians 5:22-–33). Men are meant to be the leaders of the home. At the same time, there is no room in Scripture for husbands to be abusive or unfair. Nor is there anything suggesting male superiority: on the contrary, a properly functioning marriage should have the same kind of equality-with-submission found in the Trinity itself (Colossians 1:19; Philippians 2:6; Matthew 26:42; Luke 22:42).

Paul’s second command is a direct counter to Colossae’s prevailing attitudes about husbands and wives. In that time and place, women were not given equal value and representation in their culture. The culture of Paul’s day told men that they had the power—and the right—to be domineering and severe to their wives. In fact, Paul uses the Greek term pikrainesthe, which implies bitterness, irritation, and frustration.

Women and men are equally created in the image of God (Genesis 1:27). Paul elsewhere instructed husbands to live in kindness toward their wives, just as Christ loved the church and gave His life for it (Ephesians 5:25). Here, he commands men not to exasperate their wives, but rather care for them and treat them with kindness.

Verse 20. Children, obey your parents in everything, for this pleases the Lord.

This passage is a set of specific instructions to those living in Christian homes. Paul’s recent words have addressed wives (Colossians 3:18) and husbands (Colossians 3:19). Here, he instructs children with a relatively broad concept. Children are given one overarching command: obedience. This follows the teaching of honoring one’s parents found in the Ten Commandments (Exodus 20:12; Ephesians 6:1–3). It also represents the universal Christian teaching of living with love and respect toward one another.

Paul reminds children that obedience to their parents is pleasing to God. He has already noted that all things are to be done for God’s glory (Colossians 3:17). This includes how a child obeys his or her parents. Jesus set an example by being submissive to His human parents (Luke 2:51) as well as to the will of His heavenly Father (Matthew 6:10). Disobedience to parents was considered sinful (Romans 1:30; 2 Timothy 3:2). Obedience to one’s parents is the biblical expectation for children in Christian homes (Ephesians 6:1).

Verse 21. Fathers, do not provoke your children, lest they become discouraged.

After addressing wives, husbands, and children, Paul adds additional instructions for Christian fathers. This closely resembles the instruction Paul gives in Ephesians 6:4 warning fathers not to provoke anger in their children. Some render the phrase Paul uses here in Colossians as “do not cause your children to become resentful.” The idea is that of stirring up or causing problems for your child. Unfairness and aggression, in particular, are to be avoided. Fathers are not to be problem-makers for their children, but rather providers and examples for their sons and daughters.

Fathers who provoke their children can cause discouragement. Children rely on their father to offer encouragement. When fathers fail in this aspect, it can have long-lasting impact on the well-being of their child. Once again, Ephesians 6:4 mirrors this part of Colossians. Fathers are called to both offer discipline and to teach God’s ways to their children. This is not to be delegated to a mother or other influencers. Spiritual instruction may involve the support of all family members, but it is ultimately the personal responsibility of the father.

Verse 22. Bondservants, obey in everything those who are your earthly masters, not by way of eye-service, as people-pleasers, but with sincerity of heart, fearing the Lord.

Paul has addressed immediate family members in the prior verses, including specific instructions for husbands, wives, and children. Here, Paul begins a set of instructions for a “bondservant.” This is from the Greek term duolos, meaning a person under the command or obligation of another. The word can be fairly translated as “slave,” although what modern people think of when they see the term “slave” is not quite how it was practiced in Paul’s day.

In this context, bondservants were considered part of a person’s household, yet did not enjoy the same level of freedom as their masters. According to Paul, these servants are to show submission and obedience to their masters. Rather than teaching Christian slaves to rebel, Paul instructed them to obey. Paul elsewhere sought freedom for a bondservant named Onesimus, recorded in the book of Philemon. However, Christianity’s unique success against slavery would come through changes to society, rather than rebellion.

Paul specifically says that this obedience is not meant to be “for show” only. Nor is it only supposed to meet the bare minimum requirements of the master. The clear point is that the bondservant was supposed to work for God’s glory (Colossians 3:17), not just when his or her master was watching. Shallow service, done only when the master is watching, is the kind of work done by a “people-pleaser” rather than a God-pleaser. The Christian bondservant was to serve “with sincerity of heart, fearing the Lord.”

God sees and knows all, including the heart and its motives. Bondservants were to serve for God’s pleasure, not merely that of their earthly master. Though not an exact equivalent, similar principles also apply to those in a modern-day work context, between employer and employee.

Verse 23. Whatever you do, work heartily, as for the Lord and not for men,

This verse continues Paul’s instructions to Christian “bondservants,” or slaves. The concept he presents, however, is phrased in a very general way. The principle applies to all believers, for all those we work for: serve as if serving God Himself. According to the next verse, this is for a good reason. Our ultimate rewards are with God, not the human beings we serve for only a short time.

Paul echoes his teaching from verse 17, that Christian conduct should extend to all aspects of life, not just a small set of rules. As it pertains to servants, this might include cleaning dishes or serving dignitaries. “Whatever” includes any and all contexts. Christians of all kinds are to work “heartily,” from the Greek phrase ek psyches, meaning “from the soul.” This implies the ideas of enthusiasm and passion. Demonstrating a good work attitude makes a tremendous difference in one’s personal life and in our influence on others.

Paul’s words remind us that, regardless of our station in life, God is the one ultimately judging all we do, so all of our service is really for Him. From the most mistreated slave to the highest-paid leader, every person is called to work for God’s honor. We do not work “for men” or simply earthly goals, but to glorify our heavenly Father and Master. Living for the Lord’s honor is relevant in one’s personal life, immediate family, and work contexts.

Paul will conclude this line of thought in Colossians 4:1, where he reminds those who rule over slaves that they, too, have a master: a Master in heaven. For this reason, those who control bondservants should remember that God’s judgment is impartial: evil will be punished, no matter who does it (Colossians 3:25).

Verse 24. knowing that from the Lord you will receive the inheritance as your reward. You are serving the Lord Christ.

In Paul’s day and time, bondservants were not entitled to any inheritance from a wealthy family member. From a material standpoint, these slaves had little to look forward to in life. Yet Paul encourages them with a reminder that this mortal life is not where their real rewards will be given. God’s inheritance, our eternal dwelling place with Him, will far exceed the trials and limitations of this life. Paul sought once again to focus readers on things above (Colossians 3:1–2) rather than the daily concerns of life.

Paul concludes this teaching with a reference to the bondservant’s true master: Jesus Christ. Even the lowliest slave, when they accept faith in Christ, becomes a servant of the greatest person in the universe. There is no higher honor or privilege. With this perspective, a mistreated servant can live with joy, knowing his true Master and the eternal joy that awaits (1 Peter 1:8–9).

The next two verses will also provide crucial balance for this perspective on servants and masters. Verse 25 reminds the reader that God will not show favoritism: those who do evil will suffer the consequences, whether they are slave or master. Colossians 4:1 will continue that thought by warning masters not to be unfair towards those who serve under them.

Verse 25. For the wrongdoer will be paid back for the wrong he has done, and there is no partiality.

Paul concludes his words to bondservants with a promise regarding God’s future justice toward those who are prejudiced. This serves more than one purpose. First, it comforts those bondservants who suffer under unfair, harsh, or abusive masters. Paul reminds them that a servant’s obligation to obey does not mean their masters are justified, by God, for being evil. On the contrary, God sees no moral difference between the slave and the master.

Secondly, believers are not to show favoritism, partiality, or discrimination (James 2:1–7). God is not unfair, so we ought not be unfair. Yet when discrimination does happen, God sees it and has a much better way of dealing with it than human revenge (Romans 12:19). This is a crucial verse to remember in any discussion of slavery in the Bible. Regardless of what society may tell a person about their power over others, God shows no favoritism: those who do evil cannot point to society or culture as an excuse for what they have done.

Partiality or favoritism was a frequently mentioned sin in the Old Testament. It is often associated with corruption (Deuteronomy 16:19; 2 Chronicles 19:7; Proverbs 24:23; 28:21). It is sinful to show favoritism or unfairness in our obedience to God (Malachi 2:9). Jesus was known for not showing partiality (Luke 20:21), something Peter and Paul would come to understand regarding God’s love for the Gentiles (Acts 10:34; Romans 2:11; Galatians 2:6; Ephesians 6:9; 1 Timothy 5:21).

Verse 1 of chapter 4 will compete these thoughts, warning masters to treat their servants fairly. Just as the bondservants have a master, there is a greater Master in heaven, who will judge all men based on their actions.

End of Chapter 3.

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