Down to Earth But Heavenly Minded

What does Philippians Chapter 2 mean?

Chapter 2 emphasizes the theme of rejoicing during times of suffering. First, Paul gives Christ’s own example of humility (Philippians 2:1–11). Believers were to look out for the interests of others, as well as their own (Philippians 2:4). This involves taking on the humble attitude of Christ (Philippians 2:5), expressed poetically in verses 6 through 11. The honor given Christ as a result of His modesty is that every knee will bow and every tongue will confess that Jesus Christ is Lord (Philippians 2:11).

Second, Paul emphasizes believers as lights in a world of darkness (Philippians 2:12–18). The contrast between light and darkness is a common scriptural theme. Light uncovers truth, and provides comfort and safety. Darkness is dangerous, insecure, and hides the truth.

The believers reading Paul’s letter were to continue in obedience, working out their salvation in “fear and trembling” (Philippians 2:12). In context, this is a command to show, in action, the reality of one’s salvation. It is not a comment about “working for” salvation, but working out salvation, through one’s life.

Paul notes God was the one working in them for His good pleasure (Philippians 2:13). They were to do all things without complaining (Philippians 2:14) to shine as lights in the world (Philippians 2:15). This included holding fast to the word of life so Paul’s work would not be in vain (Philippians 2:16).

Paul also speaks of being poured out as a drink offering, referring to the Old Testament ritual. Despite being “poured out” on their behalf, he is glad and rejoices (Philippians 2:17). He likewise encourages the Philippian believers to rejoice with him (Philippians 2:18). Their struggles are not in vain; all things are happening for the glory of God. Third, he gives instructions regarding Timothy and Epaphroditus (Philippians 2:19–30). Paul hoped to send Timothy to them soon to bring them good news (Philippians 2:19). Timothy sought the welfare of the Philippian Christians (Philippians 2:20). Paul spoke of Timothy as a son (Philippians 2:22), hoping to also visit personally (Philippians 2:24). Paul clearly believed he would soon be released. Scripture does record Paul’s ministry after his first Roman imprisonment in the books of 1 and 2 Timothy and Titus. However, it is uncertain whether he visited these Philippian believers again.

At the time of his writing, Paul was sending Epaphroditus, a person he referred to as his brother, fellow worker, fellow soldier, messenger, and minister to his need (Philippians 2:25). Epaphroditus had been sick to the point of death, but had been healed (Philippians 2:27). The Philippians were to receive him with joy and honor him since he risked his life for the work of Christ (Philippians 2:30). Epaphroditus became an early example of a church leader sacrificing everything for the work of Christ and service to believers, offering an example to many who would follow his pattern in future days.

Chapter Context
Philippians 1 focused on the importance of perspective. A Christian’s life, lived for Christ, may be hard or easy, but all things can give God glory. Chapter 2 frames this concept through the humility shown by Jesus Christ. His willingness to obey God the Father, even being crucified, is the ultimate example of humble service. In return, His name will be honored more than any other. Paul’s instructions regarding Timothy and Epaphroditus also form a bridge to chapter 3, where Paul will contrast these good men with the dangers of false teachers.

Verse by Verse

Verse 1. So if there is any encouragement in Christ, any comfort from love, any participation in the Spirit, any affection and sympathy,

This verse consists of four main ideas, stemming from the phrase “So if there is…” Verse 2 will explain the expected results of these ideas. Paul’s purpose in using these phrases is to emphasize how natural the conclusion should be. Of course, there is encouragement, comfort, affection, and so forth in the Christian life. If these are obvious, then the results—unity, love, and cooperation—should be just as obvious.

The first phrase speaks of “encouragement in Christ.” The assumption is that the Philippian believers had experienced much encouragement from Jesus. If they’ve experienced encouragement, they should be able to encourage others.

Second, Paul mentions “comfort from love.” This is another way in which the Philippian Christians had been blessed. Paul mentions love throughout this letter (Philippians 1:9, 16; 2:2; 4:1).

The third phrase refers to “participation in the Spirit.” The Holy Spirit had also clearly influenced the Philippians. Paul had mentioned the Spirit in Philippians 1:19 and will again in Philippians 3:3.

The fourth phrase refers to “affection and sympathy.” These believers had clearly experienced both of these qualities. In Philippians 1:8, Paul had already mentioned “I yearn for you all with the affection of Christ Jesus.” The word translated “sympathy” is oiktirmoi, which can also be translated “mercy,” or “compassion.” This implies a feeling of relief for the forgiveness of sins, something believers experience at salvation.

Context Summary
Philippians 2:1–5 connects the blessings of Christianity with corresponding results in a Christian’s life. We experience comfort, encouragement, love, and unity as saved believers in Christ. As a result, we ought to express comfort, encouragement, love, and unity to our fellow believers. Here again, Paul emphasizes that how a Christian thinks—how they frame their attitude—is crucial to living a Christian life. This sets up a classic description of Jesus Christ’s sacrifice on our behalf, starting in verse 6.

Verse 2. complete my joy by being of the same mind, having the same love, being in full accord and of one mind.

The implication of the previous verse is that the Philippian believers have experienced such positive benefits. This sets up the point Paul makes here in verse 2. Because they had experienced encouragement, fellowship, and mercy, they were to complete Paul’s joy in four corresponding ways.

First, they were to be of the “same mind,” or united in their purpose and motivations.

Second, they were to be united in love. Paul mentions love throughout this letter (Philippians 1:9, 16; 2:1; 4:1). This has always been a primary hallmark of the Christian (John 13:34–35).

Third, they were to be in “full accord.” This is a general reference to unity, apparently a problem for some in the church. There were false teachers promoting Jewish laws, including circumcision, as a requirement for believers. In addition, at least some members were in disagreement with one another (Philippians 4:2). Paul spoke in other places about the need to allow others to have differences of opinion (Romans 14:13–19). So, what he’s discussing here is a reference to more serious, divisive problems.

Fourth, they were to be of “one mind.” This appears to be similar to the first trait listed of “same mind.” However, the wording may simply be poetic or parallel to reflect the four traits in the previous verse. This final concept of “one mind” would then correspond to “any affection and sympathy” in verse 1, revealing a connection between affection and unity.

Verse 3. Do nothing from selfish ambition or conceit, but in humility count others more significant than yourselves.

Following his focus on unity in the previous verse, Paul commands his readers to avoid acting in greediness or dishonesty. His goal was to remove focus from self to others. In this, Paul takes a slightly different approach than Christ’s statement to “love your neighbor as yourself” (Matthew 22:36–40). Instead, he first addresses the motives of wrongful ambition and pride. When these drive our decisions, love and unity are not our true goals.

Instead, Paul taught that Christians ought to treat the needs of others as more important than our own, and other people as greater than us. By putting the needs of others first, believers pursue the kind of humility that leads to mutual love and unity. The emphasis was not on self, but on others. When this is achieved, the overall goal for humility is also met. Paul will continue this area of teaching by connecting it with the example of Jesus in the following verses (Philippians 2:6–11). Those who put others first exhibit Christ-like character through love and humility.

Verse 4. Let each of you look not only to his own interests, but also to the interests of others.

The command here is short and simple. Several important observations can be made. First, the command is to each believer. All Christians, regardless of maturity or authority, are supposed to treat others with humility and selflessness. Second, the focus is not exclusively toward others. Paul does not say, “Never look to your own interests.” In other words, we are to put the needs of others before our own, but this does not mean we completely avoid caring for our own needs. It’s hard to serve other people when your own life, health, or concerns are in ruins.

Third, we are each called to help more than just one person. This is not directed as a single “other,” but at all “others.” There’s a common cultural wisdom for each person to “pay it forward” or “each one reach one.” While these sayings have a ring of truth, they don’t completely fulfill Paul’s teaching in this verse. Believers are called to help “others,” serving the needs of a group of people. In the case of the Philippians, this included the congregation that met in a house church. Then, spreading to serve those who did not yet know Christ. And, to helping both believers and unbelievers beyond their community as part of fulfilling the Great Commission (Matthew 28:18-20).

Verse 5. Have this mind among yourselves, which is yours in Christ Jesus,

This verse serves to set up the poetic description of verses 6–11. The mind Paul refers to is the focus of Christ’s life, which is humility. Paul clearly feels this is something the Philippian believers have, or at least have access to, as Christians. The attitude of a believer is to resemble the attitude of Christ. This is made clear in the verses to follow.

In the upcoming passage, Paul will describe how Christ, though God, took the form of a servant, was born human, lived obediently, and died innocently on a cross (Philippians 2:6–8). His humility led to being exalted or lifted up (Philippians 2:9). In a similar way, believers are to live humbly after the example of Jesus. Doing so will please God, and result in our eternal benefit. Paul’s focus on the “mind” is clear here and elsewhere in this letter. The Philippians were to have one mind (Philippians 1:27; 2:2). They were not to set their minds on earthly things (Philippians 3:19). In addition, the peace of God would guard their hearts and minds in Christ Jesus (Philippians 4:7). The mind that follows Christ produces a life that obeys Christ.

Verse 6. who, though he was in the form of God, did not count equality with God a thing to be grasped,

Many Bible translations offset verses 6–11, since they follow a poetic structure used in early hymns in the church. The beginning of this verse refers to Jesus as being “in the form of God.” In other words, Jesus and God are equal. Contrary to skeptics who claim the divinity of Jesus was “invented” later in church history, Paul frequently addressed Jesus as divine in his letters.

The second part of this verse notes the stark contrast between how Jesus could have behaved, and how He actually lived. He could have come to earth to demand every person grovel in front of Him. Instead of treating others as His servants, He became a servant to the people He had created. Again, the emphasis on “equality with God” clearly shows Paul’s belief that Jesus is equal with God the Father. Yet Jesus did not “grasp” or hold on to His positional authority. He instead came humbly as a servant, giving His life to serve others.

Context Summary
Philippians 2:6–11 is a poetic description of Jesus’ willingness to humble Himself for our sake. Rather than coming first as God and King, Jesus freely took on the form of a human being. He was humiliated and oppressed, following the will of the Father, in order to be the sacrifice for our sins. As a result, ”Jesus” will be given the ultimate glory and honor. Eventually, all people, whether they want to or not, will admit that Jesus Christ is, in fact, Lord. For some, this will happen too late.

Verse 7. but emptied himself, by taking the form of a servant, being born in the likeness of men.

Rather than coming to earth to demand others serve Him, Jesus “emptied himself.” This does not mean Jesus stopped being God. Rather than coming the first time as a king, Jesus chose not to exhibit His unlimited powers. He came to serve rather than to be served (Matthew 20:28; Mark 10:45). He chose the “form” of a servant rather than the “form” of God (Philippians 2:6).

One way Jesus came as a servant was taking on the limitations of a human body. Though eternal, Jesus entered earth as an infant. He was born to His mother Mary, who remained a virgin until His birth (Matthew 1:25). He was born in a humble situation, coming into this world among the animals in a stable, and sleeping in a feed trough (Luke 2:1–7). The first people to visit Him were not kings, but shepherds (Luke 2:8–20). His birth was common, yet His life was anything but common. His humility is emphasized in this verse as the example believers are to follow.

Verse 8. And being found in human form, he humbled himself by becoming obedient to the point of death, even death on a cross.

The first phrase here completes the thought begun in verse 7: that Jesus came to earth in human form as a servant. In addition, Jesus both was born and died in humility. His humbleness was not for show, but was part of being “obedient.” In a similar way, Paul encouraged his readers to be humble in obedience to Christ, following both the example of Jesus and of Paul.

The last phrase of this verse refers to the horrific death of crucifixion. The cross was clearly a symbol of death in first century culture. Paul’s mention of it here reminds us that the cross was more than a painful death. It was also a degrading, humiliating form of execution. Jesus did not die as a hero on a battlefield, but instead died innocently and shamefully in public view outside the city walls of Jerusalem. He was mocked, yet endured scorn as part of God’s plan for His life as a sacrifice for sinners.

Verse 9. Therefore God has highly exalted him and bestowed on him the name that is above every name,

The opening word “Therefore” refers to the previous context of verses 6–8. Jesus became the greatest example of a humble servant, through coming to earth in humility, living in obedience, and dying on the cross. As a result, “God has highly exalted him.” In the two other places in the Bible where the phrase “highly exalted” is used, we find interesting connections. In 1 Chronicles 14:2, David’s kingdom was “highly exalted.” In Psalm 47:9, God Himself was “highly exalted.” Jesus was highly exalted both as the coming Son of David and as the Lord.

The last phrase of this verse notes that the name of Jesus (Philippians 2:10) is a name honored and empowered above every other name on earth. This name, Yeshua in the original Hebrew, means “God saves,” and was predicted before His birth. Both Mary and Joseph were told this name while Jesus was still in the womb (Luke 1:31; Matthew 1:21). He fulfilled the prophecies of the Messiah by becoming the suffering servant (Isaiah 53) who would live again (1 Corinthians 15) and will one day return to reign forever.

Verse 10. so that at the name of Jesus every knee should bow, in heaven and on earth and under the earth,

Part of the result of Jesus being highly exalted (Philippians 2:9) is that all people, ultimately, will be in submission to Him. The idea may actually be better expressed by “will bow,” referring to something certain to happen. This is phrased in terms including every possible being. Those “in heaven” could include angels and saints who have passed away already. Those “on earth” clearly refer to people living now, or more specifically at the time Paul was writing this letter. Those “under the earth” could include those who have already died and perhaps the Devil and evil spirits who must submit to the power of the Lord (Revelation 20).

This understanding is also enhanced after looking at verse 11, which refers to every “tongue” confessing Jesus Christ is Lord to the glory of God the Father. In the future, every being will bow before the Lord, the ultimate reward for the Lord Jesus Christ who became the ultimate servant during His time on earth.

Verse 11. and every tongue confess that Jesus Christ is Lord, to the glory of God the Father.

This concludes the hymn of verses 6–11. Paul touches on one final aspect of the exaltation of Jesus, with a focus on the glory of God. In addition to every knee bowing before Jesus (Philippians 2:10), all people will, one day, admit that He is God and Messiah. God’s preference is that this happens in life, while there is a chance for salvation (2 Peter 3:9), rather than after death, when it is too late (Revelation 20:15).

This inevitable victory will bring glory to God the Father. The glory of God is a common scriptural theme, seen both in the Old Testament (Psalm 19:1; 106:20; Proverbs 25:2) as well as several times in the New Testament. Jesus spoke of God’s glory (John 11:4, 40). Stephen saw the glory of God before his death (Acts 7:55). All have sinned and fall short of the glory of God (Romans 3:23). Believers rejoice in the hope of the “glory of God” (Romans 5:2). In fact, believers are to do all things for the glory of God (1 Corinthians 10:31). Revelation notes the glory of God on three occasions (15:8; 21:11, 23), with the glory of God ultimately giving light to the new heavens and earth.

Verse 12. Therefore, my beloved, as you have always obeyed, so now, not only as in my presence but much more in my absence, work out your own salvation with fear and trembling,

This verse transitions from Paul’s focus on Christ’s humility in to the need for Christians to live out their faith for the world to see. He notes his transition by the use of “therefore,” referring to his readers as “my beloved” or loved ones. Paul will also use this reference to the Philippian Christians in Philippians 4:1. In both contexts, his focus is to emphasize his love for his readers while also giving them a command to obey.

Paul notes the Philippians have faithfully followed his teachings whether he was with them, or not. Following a teacher’s instruction when they are not present is the ultimate test of loyalty, and the Philippian Christians have done exactly that. During their years apart, Paul kept in contact with this group of believers. Chapter 4 discusses several times they had sent him financial contributions to assist him in his ministry.

Paul also gives a command using a strange and often misunderstood phrase: “work out your own salvation with fear and trembling.” This unique remark speaks of ongoing obedience for those already saved. It’s crucial to note that Paul is not telling them to work for their salvation. This statement implies a need to live out—to practice, demonstrate, and exhibit—the salvation which believers have in Christ.

The concept of “fear and trembling” addresses worshipful respect for God. This echoes back to the context of every knee bowing before the Lord mentioned in verse 11.

Context Summary
Philippians 2:12–18 explains how Christians ought to live, considering all that Christ was willing to do for them. The command to ”work out” salvation is a directive to let the new birth in Christ translate into actions. As a part of this, believers should serve God without griping or complaining. Paul knows that his service to God has been hard, but this is simply another form of offering. All Christians are invited to serve in the same selfless way.

Verse 13. for it is God who works in you, both to will and to work for his good pleasure.

In verse 12, Paul commands the Philippian Christians to “work out [their] own salvation,” meaning they are to put the truth of their belief into practice. What they are in Christ needs to be “worked out” through their actions and attitudes. The reason for this command is given here in verse 13: God is acting through the lives of these believers. This understanding should lead believers to a deep sense of awe and appreciation.

Paul then adds two areas in which God operates in the life of the believer. First, God works in us to “will” His good pleasure. This includes the idea of placing desires or leading a believer to serve the Lord.

Second, God works in us “to work” for His good pleasure. God’s Spirit in the believer gives both the desire and the strength to live for the Lord. “Work” appears as a common theme in this letter (Philippians 1:6; 2:12, 25, 30; 4:3). The idea of “his good pleasure” involves obedience (Philippians 2:12) according to God’s Spirit. This is not the legalistic obedience of the law that Paul speaks against in the false teachings of the circumcision group, but rather obedience based on a love for God based on the Spirit living within the believer.

Verse 14. Do all things without grumbling or disputing,

This verse is short, but clear, and difficult to misunderstand. The command word “do” is the first Greek word in the statement, adding emphasis to the mandate. The direction is given without exceptions, aiming the intent at everything a believer does. The immediate context is work within the local church, and the body of believers. However, the intent is clearly meant to include all of a Christian’s life.

The idea of “without grumbling” is from a Greek term, gongysmōn, dealing with murmuring or complaining. Those who live to please God should refrain from complaining about serving Christ. We serve in “fear and trembling” not “grumbling or disputing.”

The idea of “disputing” includes arguments and quarrels. Those who serve the Lord should not be known for arguing, but for humble service. A biblical example of the results of complaining can be found in Numbers 13—14. The Israelites complained repeatedly in the wilderness despite God’s generous provisions. The result was judgment rather than reward for obedience.

Verse 15. that you may be blameless and innocent, children of God without blemish in the midst of a crooked and twisted generation, among whom you shine as lights in the world,

Living without grumbling or disputing (Philippians 2:14) makes a person “blameless and innocent.” Being blameless is a goal both of believers in general and especially of church leaders (1 Timothy 3:2). Spiritually speaking, this is not a reference to sin or morality, but whether or not a person can be rightfully criticized by other people.

The goal of not grumbling or disputing is not to boast, but rather to live in a way explicitly different from the depraved world we find ourselves in. All true believers are children of God (John 1:12–14). However, to live without blemish as God’s children requires diligent effort. Part of the reason this is difficult is because of the sin inherent to the world around us. Believers are to be in the world, not of it, leading to difficult situations, and temptation. Yet believers are called to stand out as unique and powerful examples: “lights in the world.” Paul’s words closely resemble Jesus who taught, “Let your light shine before others, so that they may see your good works and give glory to your Father who is in heaven” (Matthew 5:16).

Verse 16. holding fast to the word of life, so that in the day of Christ I may be proud that I did not run in vain or labor in vain.

An obedient believer is a person who holds fast to the gospel and the truths of God. When Paul wrote these words, the New Testament had not yet been completed or compiled. This is not an explicit reference to written Scripture, per se. Paul’s reference to the “word of life” appears to point to Jesus, referred to as the word of life in 1 John 1:1.

Paul then adds that, when Christ returns, he wants to be proud. Paul wants to know that his efforts in Philippi were for a good cause, not a waste of time. This church was a bright spot in his ministry; he does not want them to fall to the sins of the world and destroy the good work he had invested in them. This concern is not about personal pride, but rather about investing his life into people who were productive in serving the Lord. Paul was already under much difficulty as a prisoner in Rome. He desired to take joy in the lives of those in the Philippian church rather than find discouragement that they might turn in disobedience toward Christ (Philippians 2:15).

Verse 17. Even if I am to be poured out as a drink offering upon the sacrificial offering of your faith, I am glad and rejoice with you all.

Paul describes his joy at being able to serve, though he does refer to his life as a “drink offering.” This refers to the Old Testament practice of pouring a drink offering in worship (Numbers 15:1–10; 28:1–8). After a priest would sacrifice a lamb, ram, or bull, he would pour wine beside the altar. This symbolized the dedication of a person in worship to God.

In Paul’s life, he felt his life was being poured out as an act of worship on behalf of those he served. Even if his imprisonment ended in death, he could have joy regarding his life that had been poured out in service to God. At the end of his life, Paul would make a similar statement: “For I am already being poured out as a drink offering, and the time of my departure has come” (2 Timothy 4:6). The drink offering and death, or end of service, was closely associated.

Verse 18. Likewise you also should be glad and rejoice with me.

This verse extends Paul’s joy in being used to serve others as an invitation to his readers. Just as Paul was glad and rejoiced, he wanted his readers to be glad as well. Verses 14–17 deal with some difficult, negative aspects of life Paul needed to address. Because his focus in this letter is positive, he quickly transitioned back to a positive tone of joy. Joy has been mentioned multiple times to this point in Paul’s letter (Philippians 1:4, 18, 25; 2:2).

The next verse begins a section designed to bring joy to Paul’s readers. The chapter also ends with a focus on joy (Philippians 2:29) and begins the next chapter with rejoicing (Philippians 3:1). Chapter 4 likewise emphasizes joy (Philippians 4:1), includes more emphasis on rejoicing (Philippians 4:4, 10) and ends with many positive greetings (Philippians 4:21–23). Joy was clearly an emphasis of his letter to the Philippians.

Verse 19. I hope in the Lord Jesus to send Timothy to you soon, so that I too may be cheered by news of you.

The third section of this chapter begins with a transition to Paul’s associate Timothy. Timothy was with Paul at this time, assisting with the writing of this very letter (Philippians 1:1). Paul planned to send him to Philippi in the near future. However, this was not intended as a one-way trip. Paul’s expectation to receive good news as a result of this visit meant he intended Timothy to then return with news of their situation.

The timing of Timothy’s trip would be dependent upon Paul’s trial in Rome (Philippians 2:23). This note helps in the dating of this letter. Since Paul was in Rome two full years (Acts 28:30) and was brought to Rome about AD 60, then this letter was written approximately AD 62. This note also reveals something of Paul’s timeline of ministry. He had an anticipated trial in 62 and later wrote 1 and 2 Timothy, and Titus, with details of later ministry and a second Roman imprisonment. Whether Paul traveled to Philippi as he had hoped (Philippians 2:24) is uncertain, though certainly could have taken place.

Context Summary
Philippians 2:19–30 is Paul’s instructions to the Philippian church regarding two particular men: Timothy and Epaphroditus. Timothy was a trusted friend of Paul’s, who would likely be visiting the church at Philippi soon. Epaphroditus apparently had friends and contacts in this church, and had brought support from Philippi to Paul. After recovering from a near-fatal disease, Epaphroditus is the one delivering this letter from Paul and Timothy.

Verse 20. For I have no one like him, who will be genuinely concerned for your welfare.

This highlights the godly character of Timothy mentioned in verse 19. Paul considered Timothy unique. Part of this uniqueness was found in his sincere concern for the Philippian Christians. This stands in contrast with Philippians 2:21 that notes, “For they all seek their own interests,” referring perhaps to people in general. It may also be a reference to the people who preached Christ out of selfish motivations, which Paul had mentioned in Philippians 1:15–18.

Timothy was one of Paul’s closest associates. In addition to his service with Paul in Rome, he collaborated with him on many of his letters, traveled with him on missionary journeys, and led the church at Ephesus during Paul’s later years (1 and 2 Timothy). In 1 Corinthians 4:17 Paul called him “my beloved and faithful child in the Lord.” Hebrews 13:23 also notes that Timothy will be arrested at least once for his faith, likely during Nero’s persecution of Christians between AD 64 and 68.

Verse 21. For they all seek their own interests, not those of Jesus Christ.

In contrast with Timothy’s attitude, Paul notes the general nature of people as selfish. The idea of “interests” refers to their own desires or preferences. Few people truly choose the way of Jesus (Philippians 2:6–11) and live with humility toward others, even among believers in Jesus. In fact, Paul notes Timothy as unique among those with him, indicating that even many Christians live lives focused on personal interests. This echoes some of the sentiment Paul expressed in Philippians 1:15–18.

This verse also connects the interests of Jesus Christ with a concern for the Philippian believers, mentioned in verse 20. In this way, Paul reminds the reader that Jesus is very concerned about the situation of the Philippian believers. They were of great importance to the Lord and to Paul. Just as God the Father sent the one closest to Him by sending Jesus the Son, so too Paul sent the one closest to him, Timothy, one he refers to as a son (Philippians 2:22).

Verse 22. But you know Timothy ‘s proven worth, how as a son with a father he has served with me in the gospel.

The Philippians already knew about Timothy and his reputation. Some translations specify his name here, for clarity, though the original Greek literally says “his.” Timothy’s relationship with Paul was compared to a son with a father. Timothy was both a coworker and spiritual family member with Paul. Given the type of assignments Paul gives Timothy in the Bible, his level of trust must have been extremely high. It would not be a stretch to refer to Timothy as Paul’s “right hand man.”

Interestingly, Paul compares the father-son dynamic to Timothy’s service with him in the gospel. In other words, here the description is of Timothy’s service with Paul rather than his relationship. This connection would have made much greater impact during the time Paul wrote. Then, most sons served in the same vocation as their father from a young age. Timothy and Paul had worked together like father and son for some time. They were close relationally as well as in their common work to share the good news with others.

Verse 23. I hope therefore to send him just as soon as I see how it will go with me,

Timothy was still with Paul when Philippians was written, but Paul hoped to send him to Philippi soon. He seems to be waiting for more information on his current legal situation. Paul had spent two years under house arrest (Acts 28:30). This shows the letter was written approximately AD 62, giving one of the most accurate dates of any of Paul’s letters. Paul probably wanted to wait to send Timothy until he had confirmation about his impending release.

Timothy would later serve as leader of the church in Ephesus (1 and 2 Timothy). During Paul’s second imprisonment, sometime between AD 64 and 68, Paul wrote 2 Timothy to urge Timothy to visit him before winter (perhaps written in the fall of 65 to 67). Timothy would outlive his mentor, serving as a church leader until his own death, traditionally dated around AD 97, martyred for attempting to stop a procession honoring the goddess Diana.

Verse 24. and I trust in the Lord that shortly I myself will come also.

Paul hoped to also visit the Philippian church soon. His plan was three-fold. First, he sent this letter with Epaphroditus, named in verse 25. Second, he would send Timothy to visit and return to him in Rome (Philippians 2:19, 23). Third, Paul would personally visit the Philippian believers, or at least he wanted to.

As it turns out, we cannot be certain whether or not this visit actually took place. Paul’s later ministry work is recorded only in the letters of 1 and 2 Timothy and Titus. These letters note his visits to areas near Philippi, but not in the city itself. He may have visited as planned, given that he was in the area, but this is not certain. Paul also intended to visit Philemon (Philemon 1:22) as well as Spain (Romans 15), though neither event is specifically recorded in the New Testament. Various extra-biblical writings associate Paul with all of these locations in his later years. We know Paul visited Ephesus, leaving Timothy there; Macedonia (1 Timothy 1:3); Crete (Titus); Nicopolis (Titus 3:12); Troas (2 Timothy 4:13); and was likely arrested in Troas and taken to Rome, where he was held until his death.

Verse 25. I have thought it necessary to send to you Epaphroditus my brother and fellow worker and fellow soldier, and your messenger and minister to my need,

The letter to the Philippians was delivered by the hands of Epaphroditus. This man is given five titles in this brief verse. First, Paul calls him “my brother,” indicating he was a fellow believer in Christ.

Second, Paul calls him my “fellow worker,” a title emphasizing his diligent efforts to serve Christ in ministry with Paul.

Third, Paul called him his “fellow soldier.” Paul sometimes used the word picture of a soldier to emphasize a person’s faithful, dedicated service to Christ. The territory Paul ministered to was mostly controlled by the Roman Empire, which made an effort to show off their military might. Soldiers would have been a common sight, and therefore a useful analogy.

Fourth, Paul calls him “your messenger,” likely referring to his role of bringing this letter and perhaps verbal information to the Philippian believers. He had also come to Paul, from Philippi, at some point in the past.

Fifth, Paul refers to him as a “minister to my need.” Epaphroditus had served Paul on many occasions, especially during his critical time under Roman house arrest. He also brought financial gifts to Paul from the Philippians during this time, as mentioned in Philippians 4:18. He may well have been a leader at the Philippian church. We have little other information about the man, as he is mentioned only in this letter to the Philippians.

Verse 26. for he has been longing for you all and has been distressed because you heard that he was ill.

This verse provides three unique pieces of information about Epaphroditus. First, he missed his friends in Philippi. It is uncertain whether he was personally from Philippi or not. This kind of remark makes it seem more likely that he was a church leader and local resident of this area. This would certainly explain why he missed home, as well as friends and family.

Second, he was concerned. He was apparently bothered by the fact that his friends knew he was sick, but had not yet heard he was now well.

This concern is due to the third piece of information, which is that Epaphroditus had been extremely ill. The exact sickness is not given, but was clearly serious and nearly fatal. This verse also clearly proves that those who faithfully serve Christ are not immune to troubles. Nor are they guaranteed miraculous healing, even by someone as spiritually powerful as Paul. God has a plan even for such difficulties, though we often are not told why. While God heals in some situations, He also allows sicknesses at other times. The world we live in is still one of cause and effect.

Verse 27. Indeed he was ill, near to death. But God had mercy on him, and not only on him but on me also, lest I should have sorrow upon sorrow.

Epaphroditus had been sick to the point of death. Yet Paul stated that God’s “mercy” had come in the form of healing. This mercy was not merely for the sick man, but for Paul as well. As his friend, and the recipient of Epaphroditus’s help, Paul saw this recovery as a personal mercy from God. Paul was so close to Epaphroditus that he would have grieved deeply at losing this dear friend.

Interestingly, mercy is often associated with healing in the New Testament. In Matthew 15:22, a woman asked for mercy from Jesus for her demon-possessed daughter. In Matthew 17:15, mercy was asked for a son who was an epileptic. Two blind men called to Jesus for mercy in Matthew 20:30 (also Mark 10:47). Mercy is both a blessing from God and often connected with relief from sickness. Mercy is given for us to tell others how God has changed us (Mark 5:19). Even the Good Samaritan was focused on helping people see the need to show mercy to those in need (Luke 10:37).

Verse 28. I am the more eager to send him, therefore, that you may rejoice at seeing him again, and that I may be less anxious.

In this verse Paul gave two other reasons for sending Epaphroditus to the Philippian believers. In addition to his work as a letter carrier, there was an element of reunion. His goal was to bring joy to his readers when Epaphroditus arrived. Why? First, he was their friend. They missed him and would be glad upon his return. Second, they had heard he was sick and would be excited to see him healthy again.

The other reason Paul sent him was personal to Paul himself. Paul seems to have been worried by the fact that Epaphroditus had been near death, and was then healed, yet his friends had not heard about this improvement. They were likely still praying and hoping for his physical situation to improve, but had received no news about his status. Receiving this update from Epaphroditus himself would be a welcome blessing, and greatly ease Paul’s mind.

Verse 29. So receive him in the Lord with all joy, and honor such men,

Because of who Epaphroditus was, his service, and what he had been through, Paul commanded the Philippian believers to celebrate his return, thanking the Lord for his life and healing.

In addition, Paul extended this command to others like Epaphroditus. All who serve God with humility and sacrifice should be honored by their fellow Christian brothers and sisters. The reasons will be given in greater detail in the next verse, in particular noting that he had risked his life for Christ.

Those who serve Christ by leaving home and risking their lives are to receive honor from the church. This principle can extend today to missionaries and perhaps others. For instance, Christian military personnel and Christian leaders who serve far from home to help those in need. As in this case, the work does not always require the person to be an evangelist or teacher. Epaphroditus left to personally care for Paul, to deliver money and perhaps other supplies, and to bring encouragement. Such workers are of tremendous importance to those serving on the front lines of ministry.

Verse 30. for he nearly died for the work of Christ, risking his life to complete what was lacking in your service to me.

Epaphroditus was fully committed to Christ. Many claim to serve Christ, yet few can claim they have nearly died in order to serve the Lord. Epaphroditus was to be honored for his tremendous level of commitment.

Epaphroditus was also to be honored because he risked his life to serve in ways others could not. The entire church could not leave one country in order to visit Paul in another. However, a single person could; Epaphroditus was that individual. He was to be honored for rising to the challenge to lead and to serve in this unique way. Martyrs have long been honored for their sacrifice and rightfully so. However, this verse adds that those who have risked their lives to serve Christ should also be recognized for their efforts. Not all members of a congregation can participate in all forms of service, and those who take on the more difficult assignments should be given respect by those who stay behind.

End of Chapter 2.

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